Cognitive, Metacognitive, and Digital Reading Strategies in English Education: A 20-Year Review

Abstract

This review explores how reading strategies have evolved over the past two decades in English language education, focusing on the integration of cognitive, metacognitive, and digital approaches. As literacy practices have shifted with the rise of digital tools and online learning environments, the way students read—and how they are taught to read—has changed significantly. The study draws on findings from over 20 peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2025, including one authored by the researcher. Using qualitative content analysis, it identifies trends and patterns in reading instruction, particularly at the Orientation level of English language teaching. Articles were selected based on their practical relevance to classroom settings and their focus on reading comprehension strategies. Cognitive strategies such as rereading, note-taking, and summarizing remain essential for building foundational reading skills. However, recent research highlights a growing emphasis on metacognitive strategies—like planning, monitoring, and reflecting—that support deeper comprehension and learner independence. These strategies are especially relevant in digital learning environments, where students must often navigate texts autonomously. Digital strategies have become increasingly integrated into classroom practice, often enhancing both cognitive and metacognitive skills. Tools such as embedded audio, real-time quizzes, clickable glossaries, and progress dashboards—commonly implemented through platforms like Blackboard—offer interactive support and help personalize reading experiences. The review concludes that effective reading instruction today depends on a flexible blend of cognitive, metacognitive, and digital strategies. These approaches not only support comprehension but also foster student engagement, self-regulation, and adaptability across varied learning contexts. The findings provide educators and curriculum designers with a practical foundation for developing reading instruction that meets the evolving needs of 21st-century learners.