Factors Influencing Mortality in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients: A Literature Review

Abstract

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening neurological condition associated with high mortality rates worldwide. This study aimed to review and synthesize current evidence regarding factors influencing mortality in patients with ICH and to evaluate their relevance to clinical practice at Universitas Airlangga Hospital. A literature review was conducted using 20 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025, complemented by three major neurology textbooks. The analysis focused on clinical, radiological, and comorbidity-related predictors of mortality reported in the literature. The findings consistently identified decreased Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, larger hematoma volumes, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and comorbid conditions such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus as major predictors of mortality. Mortality outcomes were found to be strongly influenced by the interaction between acute hemorrhagic characteristics and underlying systemic diseases. Furthermore, the presence of IVH, infratentorial hemorrhage, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus emerged as key prognostic factors associated with poor clinical outcomes. These findings suggest that early risk stratification based on neuroimaging features, alongside comprehensive management of comorbidities during the acute phase, is essential for guiding clinical decision-making and improving patient outcomes in tertiary healthcare settings, including Universitas Airlangga Hospital.