Factors Influencing Infection in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients: A Literature Review

Abstract

Infectious complications represent the primary non-neurological challenge for individuals diagnosed with Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH), acting as a major driver for unfavourable clinical results, extended ICU stays, and heightened healthcare costs. This literature review offers a systematic analysis of the varied elements that contribute to infection in ICH cases, spanning from innate physiological vulnerabilities to risks acquired within the hospital setting. By integrating findings from 20 contemporary journals (2021–2026) and 3 core medical textbooks, this research highlights essential risk determinants such as diminished Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, total hematoma volume, and metabolic imbalances like hyperglycaemia upon admission. Furthermore, the review investigates Stroke-Induced Immunodepression Syndrome (SIDS) as a fundamental biological mechanism. These insights emphasize the urgency of early risk categorization and focused preventive measures to curb infectious setbacks in specialized clinical environments, such as Universitas Airlangga Hospital.