Clinicopathological Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Management of Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Ovarian cancer remains one of the leading causes of gynecological cancer-related mortality worldwide due to its insidious onset, late-stage diagnosis, and complex biological behavior. Despite advances in imaging, molecular diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies, overall survival rates remain suboptimal. This systematic review aims to synthesize current evidence on the clinicopathological characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies of ovarian cancer. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2015 and 2024. A total of 20 sources were included, consisting of 17 peer-reviewed journal articles and 3 authoritative textbooks. Data were extracted on epidemiology, histopathological subtypes, molecular features, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and treatment outcomes. The findings highlight that epithelial ovarian cancer, particularly high-grade serous carcinoma, represents the most prevalent and aggressive subtype. Late-stage presentation (FIGO stage III–IV) remains common, contributing significantly to poor prognosis. Multimodal management involving cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy continues to be the cornerstone of treatment, while targeted therapies and immunotherapy are emerging as promising adjuncts. This review underscores the importance of early detection strategies, standardized pathological classification, and personalized treatment approaches to improve survival outcomes in ovarian cancer patients.