Psychobiological Markers, Coping Mechanisms, and Family Well-being in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Abstract

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition arising from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, reflected through diverse psychobiological markers involving neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuroimaging, and molecular profiles. Various biomarkers, including electrophysiological changes, alterations in functional connectivity, neurotransmitter variations, and miRNA expression, have been associated with ADHD, although none have yet demonstrated consistent diagnostic sensitivity. Individuals with ADHD frequently display maladaptive coping strategies such as avoidance and escape behaviors, contributing to emotional dysregulation and reduced quality of life. These difficulties extend to the family environment, where caregivers often experience heightened stress, strained interactions, disrupted daily routines, and increased psychological burden. Studies indicate that family functioning, parenting quality, and stress levels are closely linked to ADHD symptom severity, affecting both the individual and their caregivers. However, the use of adaptive coping strategies, such as problem solving, cognitive restructuring, and social support, can strengthen resilience, reduce psychological strain, and improve overall family well-being. Integrating knowledge of psychobiological markers with patterns of coping and family dynamics provides a more comprehensive understanding of ADHD and highlights the importance of supporting adaptive coping mechanisms to improve outcomes for individuals with ADHD and their families.