The Legality of AI-Enabled Weapons in Light of the Principles of International Humanitarian Law

Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies has led to the emergence of new categories of AI-powered weapons and autonomous systems, raising profound legal and ethical concerns regarding their compatibility with International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The central issue lies in balancing military necessity with humanitarian protection during armed conflicts. This study examines the legal nature of AI weapons and analyzes their compliance with the fundamental principles of IHL, particularly distinction, proportionality, and precaution. It further explores the legal responsibility arising from their use. The research adopts descriptive, analytical, and comparative legal methodologies through the examination of relevant international treaties and contemporary international practices. The study concludes that although existing IHL provides a general legal framework governing such weapons, the unique characteristics of autonomous systems necessitate the development of more specific international legal rules to ensure accountability and civilian protection. The study recommends strengthening international oversight and preserving meaningful human control over the use of lethal force.