Integration of nature-based solutions in urban planning: policy, governance, and institutional frameworks

Abstract

The concept of the Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) inclusion in urban planning has become one of the strategic avenues towards the attainment of sustainable, climate-resilient, and habitable urban areas. Nevertheless, even with the increased understanding of their environmental and social importance, NBS are not uniformly reflected in urban policies and institutions. This paper focuses on the convergence of policy framework, governance systems and institutional structures that influence mainstreaming of NBS in urban settings. On the basis of an extensive analysis of the current state of empirical and conceptual research, the paper reveals the main problems of governance, namely the fragmentation of regulatory tools, lack of cross-sectoral coordination, and institutional capacity. The review indicates that a successful NBS integration relies on adaptive governance schemes, coherent multilevel alignment of policy, and participatory institutional schemes that are conducive to innovation and accountability. In addition, European and world case studies have shown that policy planning (collaboration), long-term funding approach and inter-agency collaboration are important to maintain NBS outcomes. The paper suggests that to entrench NBS into more inclusive urban governance and planning systems, regulatory reform is necessary, as well as, the development of inclusive and knowledge-based institutional ecosystems with the potential of bridging science, policy, and community practice.