The Rising Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases in South Asia: Challenges and Policy Pathways for Prevention

Abstract

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have emerged as one of the most significant public health challenges in South Asia, driven by rapid urbanisation, lifestyle transitions, demographic changes, and persistent health system constraints. Countries such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal are witnessing rising rates of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory illnesses, and cancers, contributing to a growing share of premature morbidity and mortality. Despite progress in primary healthcare and health promotion, structural barriers—including limited preventive services, weak surveillance systems, inequitable access to care, and socioeconomic disparities—continue to impede effective NCD management. This paper examines the key determinants behind the increasing burden of NCDs in South Asia and analyses the policy gaps that hinder regional progress. It further outlines evidence-based pathways for prevention, including strengthening primary care, enhancing community-level awareness, integrating digital health solutions, promoting multisectoral action on risk factors, and improving financial protection mechanisms. The study argues that a comprehensive, coordinated, and equity-focused policy response is essential to mitigate the rising NCD burden and ensure healthier futures for South Asian populations.