Journal of Sports and Physical Education Studies
Journal of Sports and Physical Education Studies (ISSN: 2788-788X) is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. The journal publishes papers in all aspects of education, sport, physical activity, psychology, physiotherapy, health and nutrition. All manuscripts are initially screened on their topic suitability and linguistic quality. The journal is published biannually online in English, Arabic and French. [...] Read more
Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development
The Association of physical activity levels with high blood pressure in older men with metabolic syndrome of Kabul city
Physical inactivity is a growing global concern, especially among the elderly, as it contributes significantly to various chronic health conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the association between physical activity levels and high blood pressure among elderly men with metabolic syndrome in Kabul, Afghanistan.This descriptive-analytical study involved 330 elderly men over the age of 50 who had been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and visited public hospitals in Kabul in 2023 (1402 solar year). Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Anthropometric data (height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index) and physiological indicators (systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. One-way ANOVA was used to compare physical activity groups, and multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between physical activity levels and blood pressure. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.The results revealed a significant inverse relationship between moderate to high levels of physical activity and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Specifically, individuals engaging in higher physical activity levels exhibited lower blood pressure values. In contrast, low levels of physical activity were significantly associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.002 for both measures). The study highlights the beneficial impact of regular moderate to high-intensity physical activity in lowering blood pressure among elderly individuals with metabolic syndrome. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating physical activity as a preventive and therapeutic strategy for managing blood pressure and promoting cardiovascular health in aging populations. Promoting active lifestyles in this demographic could contribute to better health outcomes and reduced burden on healthcare systems.
Physical activity, Systolic pressure, Diastolic pressure, Metabolic syndrome, Anthropometry
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond the Classroom: The Role of Psychosocial Mentoring in the Career Development of Physical Education Student Teachers in Ghana
Mentoring programs influence the development of student teachers and their decision-making processes on their career path in the teaching profession. The paper examined the use of psychosocial mentoring in the career development of physical education student teachers in Ghana. Using a descriptive survey cross-sectional design, 122 level 400 intern students of a Ghanaian public university were sampled with the use of structured questionnaires that measured the attributes and practices of mentoring and the career preparation standards. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that mentoring knowledge had the highest contribution to the career development (24%), then mentoring practices (17%). Although Psychosocial mentoring was mentioned by the respondents as important, its contribution to the variance of career development was only 5 percent, assuming there is not much integration in an existing model of mentorship. The results indicate that psychological directions and emotional support are underutilized in the existing models of mentoring even though they have potential benefits. The results are indicative of the necessity of less formalised ways of psychosocial assistance in the teacher education programs. The implications of the findings on the development of holistic mentoring systems can be applied in supplementing the transmission of technical knowledge with emotional and psychological support, especially in physical education instructors that experience particular professional disappointments due to restrained resources in the learning setting.
psychosocial mentoring, career development, physical education, student teacher preparation, Ghana, teacher education
Copyright (c) 2025 Munkaila Seibu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing Socio-Demographic Factors and Stress Management Techniques on Coaches’ Performance in Ghana
The study looked into the predictive value of demographic and socio-demographic factors, stress-induced factors, and stress-coping strategies with respect to sports performance and psychological aspects of coaches in the Ghanaian public universities. The survey design adopted was cross-sectional. A census sampling technique was also used to select 130 university sports coaches. The data were analysed through a General Linear Model (GLM) as well as Pearson correlation. The findings indicated that socio-demographic factors, especially age, marital status, coaching experience, and coaching specialisation, were significant predictors of stress-induced factors and performance indices of sports. Marital status (p =.018), coaching experience (p =.058) and coaching specialisation (p =.066) had a positive impact on the sports performance and the level of stress, respectively, indicating that the specialised coaching roles might put coaches in a position of experiencing stress factors that are unique to them. The study also found that there is a weak positive relationship between stress-related variables and decreased mental well-being (r = .263, p =.003), which means that an increase in stress level is associated with a decrease in mental health among coaches. Descriptive statistics indicated that the mean rate of perception of stress (M = 4.30, SD = 0.44) and the mean rate of mental well-being (M = 3.42, SD = 0.50) were high and medium, respectively, which means that the participants were highly exposed to stress and had a wide range of coping ability. Factorial analysis of correlation revealed that unrealistic administrative expectations, heavy workload, insufficient institutional support, and personal problems were the major stressors (all p < .01), which highlight the compounding nature of organisational and interpersonal pressure in the coaching performance and well-being. These results point out that stress associated with a coaching job is a multifaceted phenomenon in university sports and that socio-demographic factors moderate it. The research suggests specific institutional procedures that aim at reducing stress factors, fair distribution of workload, and better system support to contribute to the best mental health and performance levels in university sports coaches in Ghana.
coaches, socio-demographic factors, stress-induced factors, sports performance, stress management, mental well-being
Copyright (c) 2025 Tahiru Yusif Amuda, Munkaila Seibu, Monday Omoniyi Moses https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Motor Performance and 2D:4D Digit Ratio in Male Cross-Country Skiers
The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is considered a biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure and has been linked to various physical and athletic attributes. However, evidence regarding its relationship with sport-specific motor performance, particularly in endurance-based disciplines, remains inconclusive. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the right-hand 2D:4D digit ratio and selected motor performance parameters-including strength, speed, agility, and endurance-in male cross-country skiers. This cross-sectional study investigated the associations between the 2D:4D digit ratio and multiple performance parameters in male cross-country skiers (n = 15). Anthropometric measurements, 2D:4D ratios (right hand), and performance tests-including 20 m sprint, Illinois agility test, vertical jump, sit-ups, handgrip, and back strength-were conducted under standardized conditions. Pearson correlation analyses were used to examine associations between digit ratio and performance variables. Negative but non-significant correlations were found between the 2D:4D ratio and sprint as well as agility performance, suggesting that lower ratios may be associated with faster and more agile movement patterns. Conversely, a significant positive relationship was observed between 2D:4D and back strength, while other strength measures (handgrip, vertical jump) showed weak positive trends. These findings indicate that in cross-country skiing, which emphasizes endurance, coordination, and trunk stabilization, training-induced neuromuscular adaptations may outweigh the effects of prenatal androgen exposure. The results suggest that the 2D:4D ratio reflects an interaction between biological predisposition and sport-specific training adaptation, rather than serving as an independent determinant of performance. While a lower 2D:4D ratio appears advantageous for speed and agility, the relationship between digit ratio and strength performance may vary depending on the technical and endurance demands of the sport. Future longitudinal studies incorporating hormonal profiling and bilateral digit measurements are needed to clarify whether the 2D:4D ratio can function as a practical biomarker for talent identification and performance monitoring in elite athletes.
2D:4D digit ratio, prenatal androgens, motor performance, agility, strength, cross-country skiing, adolescent athletes
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammed Fatih Bilici https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges and Opportunities for Latine Families in US Youth Sport
This study investigates Latine parents’ perspectives on youth sport participation in the United States (US), with particular attention to perceived barriers, benefits, and recommendations for enhancing sport programming. The participants included 20 Latine parents; 12 Latina mothers and 8 Latino fathers, all of whom self-identified as being of Mexican descent. Participants were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. This qualitative inquiry employed semi-structured interviews to elicit rich, narrative data. Latino Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) guided the study, centering lived experiences and systemic inequities in sport access, while also attending to the intersections of race, socioeconomic class, and language that shape participation opportunities. Inductive thematic analysis identified themes across participant narratives, yielding three overarching themes. (1) Structural Barriers, reflecting financial constraints and limited institutional support; youth sport as a site for (2) Cultural and Social Expression, highlighting opportunities for family bonding, and social growth; and (3) “Mover Adelante:” More Accessible Outreach emphasizing parents’ readiness to participate when youth sport programs are culturally relevant and community centered. Findings underscore the need for culturally responsive outreach to avoid limiting youth sport participation.
Inclusion, Sports, Latino critical studies, accessibility, family engagement
Copyright (c) 2025 Melody Alanis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acute Effects of Dynamic and Plyometric Warm-Up Protocols on Speed Strength Flexibility and Jump Performance in Taekwondo Athletes
This study investigates the acute effects of dynamic warm-up (DWU) and plyometric warm-up (PWU) protocols on sprint, strength, flexibility, and jump performance in young taekwondo athletes. A total of 17 participants (9 females, 8 males; mean age = 13.06 ± 0.97 years) completed two warm-up sessions in randomized order, separated by a 48-hour interval. Performance outcomes included 10 m and 20 m sprint times, leg strength, sit-and-reach flexibility, and countermovement jump (CMJ). Data collection was conducted under standardized conditions in a school gymnasium to minimize external variability. Results showed no significant differences between protocols for 10 m and 20 m sprint tests (p > 0.05). However, PWU produced significantly greater improvements in leg strength, flexibility, and CMJ performance compared to DWU (p < 0.05), with large effect sizes observed. These findings highlight that PWU strategies may offer superior acute benefits for enhancing explosive strength and flexibility in taekwondo athletes. This study contributes novel evidence to combat sports literature, emphasizing the importance of tailored warm-up protocols for optimizing athletic performance.
Dynamic Warm-Up, Plyometric Warm-Up, Sprint , Flexibility, Leg Strength, CMJ.
Copyright (c) 2025 Serkan Kızılca, Muhammed Zahit KAHRAMAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Activity Levels and Sedentary Behaviours of Students with Hearing Loss in Ghana: A Case Study
This study aimed to assess physical activity (PA) levels and sedentary behaviours (SB) of students with hearing loss (SWHL) at Mampong Senior High Technical School for the Deaf (MSHTSD). A survey design was employed for this study. The sample size for the study was 392 students with hearing loss (201 boys and 191 girls) from MSHTSD, who were all selected using Census sampling. Data was collected using the International Physical Activity questionnaire (short form) and the Sedentary Behaviour questionnaire. 392 questionnaires were administered and retrieved; however, 318 were deemed well filled out as directed by the researcher and coded for analysis. MET was calculated, and descriptive statistics of frequency and percentages were used to ascertain the PA and SB of the students. Spearman rho was used to calculate the correlation between students PA and SB. An Independent sample t-test was used to establish the gender difference in participants PA and SB levels. The study results highlighted different levels of PA among the participants, while SB varied among the study population. 200(62.9%) out of the 318 SWHL were categorized as highly active, indicating a commendable engagement in PA. Notwithstanding students’ high PA level, SB patterns were polarized. Thus, 44.3% of the SWHL reported no SB, while a closer percentage of 30.8% exhibited sedentariness. A positive correlation (Spearman’s rho = 0.379, p < 0.001) was observed between the PA levels and SB of the students. There were notable gender disparities in both PA and SB, with males exhibiting higher PA levels (t-value = 3.294, p < 0.001) and lower sedentariness (t-value = 2.206, p = 0.028) compared to their female counterparts. The study concluded that SWHL at Mampong have high PA and somewhat low SB levels. A positive correlation exists between SWHLs PA and SB levels. Furthermore, there was a noteworthy gender difference in both PA levels and sedentariness among the study population.
Deaf, disability, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, students with hearing loss, etc.
Doping Knowledge and Educational Needs of Tanzanian Competitive Runners: Implications for Stakeholders
The primary strategy to counter doping among athletes and their entourages is to enhance their knowledge and education, as outlined in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Code. However, limited research exists on doping in Tanzania, making this study a novel effort to explore athletes' knowledge and educational needs. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and educational needs regarding doping among competitive running athletes in Tanzania. It was hypothesized that knowledge of doping would vary based on the athletes’ age, gender and experience. The study employed cross- sectional analytical design. A census sampling technique was used to select 117 competitive running athletes (73 males, 62.4% and 44 females, 37.6%) from twelve running camps in Arusha and Dar es Salaam regions of Tanzania. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires. Results revealed that the athletes in Tanzania self-reported an average doping knowledge score of (35.9±10.46), with the threshold for average doping knowledge set at 32.5. Athletes in the middle age category (26-35 years) exhibited the highest doping knowledge (42.81±13.07), while those in the older age group (36-45 years) had the lowest doping knowledge (29.33± 3.79). Males demonstrated greater doping knowledge (39.38 ± 11.49) compared to females (35.18 ± 8.76). Athletes with over 8 years of running experience showed higher knowledge of doping (38.00 ± 12.43) than those with few years of experience (0.5-3 years), who displayed lower knowledge (34.13 ± 9.33). The findings indicated that athletes’ doping knowledge was not influenced by age, gender or experience. Educational needs identified among athletes included; knowledge on prohibited substances and methods (41.9%), doping agents’ adverse effects (29.1%), testing procedures (15.4%), and the risks of doping associated with nutritional supplements (12%). Running athletes in Tanzania exhibit insufficient doping knowledge, which increases the risk of inadvertent doping violations and jeopardizes both their careers and their well-being. Therefore, it is crucial to develop and enhance doping education programmes in Tanzania.
Educational needs, Knowledge, Performance enhancing substance, Running.
Copyright (c) 2025 AVELINA SHAO, Elijah Rintaugu, Edna Thangu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Muscle Mass and Fat Reduction: Do Creatine and Whey Protein Supplementation Improve Fitness and Strength in Older Males?
Muscle loss during aging known as sarcopenia is the steady loss of muscle mass, consequent strength and related functioning, which commonly affects seniors in the population, potentially reducing the ability to perform daily tasks. It is progressively restrictive in physiological functioning, and supplementation with creatine and whey protein has become viewed as an intervention to minimize or reverse the loss. Creatine and whey protein have emerged as promising interventions for addressing muscle loss, especially when combined with consistency in training. This review study explores the synergistic impact of creatine and whey protein supplementation, combined with resistance training, on improving muscle mass, strength and fat loss, and overall physical performance in older males aged 50 to 75. The review studies the accompanying benefits, including psychological resilience, improved mood, and enhanced quality of life. The study aimed to synthesize evidence on the efficacy of creatine and whey protein in enhancing muscle hypertrophy and strength. It also aimed to evaluate optimal supplementation approaches, and identify gaps in current research, including long-term safety and adherence.The scope of this review study focused on analyzing peer-reviewed studies, systematic reviews, and clinical trials from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using key terms that included creatine supplementation, whey protein, older adults, and resistance training. The review included individuals aged 50 to 75 and examined the effect of creatine and/or whey protein on muscle atrophy and hypertrophy, strength, fat loss, and psychological well-being. Studies without physical or psychological outcomes, or involving a younger population below 50 years were excluded. The research found that supplements of whey protein and creatine, when combined with resistance training, increased muscular hypertrophy, exercise endurance, and recovery. Whey protein contains leucine, which enhances muscle mass, while creatine boosts the intramuscular content of adenosine triphosphate to support recovery and function. Post-exercise supplementation was found to be better than pre-exercise supplementation. Some studies showed variable gains in muscles for older individuals, and were influenced by baseline protein diet or comorbidities. Supplementation also improved mental health by reducing anxiety and improving sleep and self-esteem. Supplementation with exposure to the sun also improved circadian rhythm and vitamin D synthesis, and mood stabilization. In spite of safety considerations, such as renal strain and gastrointestinal issues, evidence supports general safety when the recommended dosage is used. This review demonstrates that creatine and whey protein when combined with consistent training can reduce age-related physical decline and improve overall wellness in the older population. The review study shows significant findings in key areas of scientific literature that pertain to understanding adherence, optimal dosing, and psychological outcomes across diverse populations. Focusing on these key areas can help to refine supplementation guidelines that are beneficial for the aging demographic.
Creatine, Whey Protein, Muscle Loss, Muscle Hypertrophy, Aging Process, Resistance Training, and Psychological Outcomes
Investigation of the Relationship Between Body Composition, Maximal Oxygen Consumption and Some Biomotor Characteristics in Young Male Long-Distance Runners
Biomotor characteristics and body composition in athletes are factors affecting athletic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body composition, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and some biomotor characteristics in young male long-distance runners. 15 young male long-distance runners (age: 14.73±0.88 years) participated in the study voluntarily. The study was designed as a relational cross-sectional study model. Body analysis measurements, 20m shuttle run, 10m and 20m sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ), Illinois agility and back strength tests were applied to the participating athletes. SPSS package program was used. Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to determine the normality level of the data. It was determined that the data had a normal distribution. Pearson correlation test was used in the relational analysis of the data. No significant relationship was found between body composition parameters and VO2max, 10m and 20m sprint values in young male long-distance runners participating in the study (p > 0.05). Positive moderately significant relationships were found between CMJ and fat-free mass (r = 0.560 ; p = 0.030), mineral mass (r = 0.558 ; p = 0.031) and fluid mass (r = 0.559 ; p = 0.030). Negative moderately significant relationships were found between Illinois agility and fat-free proportion (r = -0.572 ; p = 0.026), mineral proportion (r = -0.570 ; p = 0.026) and fluid proportion (r = -0.556 ; p = 0.031), while a positive moderately significant relationship was found between Illinois agility and fat proportion (r = 0.572 ; p = 0.026). While positive and strong significant relationships were determined between back strength and lean mass (r = 0.786; p = 0.001), mineral mass (r = 0.787; p = 0.000) and basal metabolic rate (r = 0.758; p = 0.001), a very strong positive significant relationship was determined between back strength and fluid mass (r = 0.814; p = 0.000). In long-distance runners, applying training aimed at increasing lean body and fluid mass and focusing on nutritional strategies to reduce fat percentage may increase their athletic performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sedat Okut, Muhammed Zahit Kahraman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Yoga Therapy on Kinesiophobia, Physical Function and Fall Prevention in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused due to deficiency of “dopamine” neurotransmitter in the substantia nigra part of the brain. The prevalence of Parkinson.s disease increases with advancing age both for men and women. PD is characterized by clinical symptoms like bradykinesia, postural instability, rigidity in the muscles, resting tremors, increased risk of falls, etc. “Kinesiophobia”, in simple terms is the irrational, debilitating fear of movement due to the anticipation of pain or injury, and is prevalent in individuals with PD. Kinesiophobia further exacerbates functional limitations and fall risk. Yoga therapy, integrating physical postures, mindfulness, and controlled breathing, offers a comprehensive approach to mitigating kinesiophobia while improving physical function and reducing fall rates. This article reviews the evidence supporting yoga therapy as a therapeutic intervention for individuals with PD, highlighting its impact on kinesiophobia, balance, and mobility.
Parkinson.s disease, Kinesiophobia, Physical function, Fall prevention
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Information Technology to the Performance of English Teachers in Selected Vocational Schools
Vásquez-Pajuelo et al. (2024) and Chaipidech (2022) have highlighted the growing use of digital tools in vocational schools, particularly for teaching English. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift toward digital literacy, necessitating enhanced technological competencies in educational professionals. Chaipidech et al. (2022) highlight the potential of IT in facilitating individualized learning experiences, providing real-time feedback, and encouraging collaboration through online practice communities. Research shows that when educators have the appropriate digital skills and resources, their instructional practices improve, leading to improved student engagement and learning outcomes. However, there are still significant gaps in research, particularly in the China, where the digital divide and lack of comprehensive training programs pose challenges. The study reveals gaps in teachers' understanding of ICT's potential benefits due to inadequate infrastructure, technological support, and professional development. Despite positive attitudes, limited training and limited resources hinder ICT integration. The study suggests specific training programs, better ICT facilities, and a well-thought-out plan to make the most of ICT's effect on vocational school teachers' work and students' grades.
Information communication technology, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, intention to use, English course teaching performance, online modality, professional development program, and higher vocational college
Senior High School Athletes’ Perception of Coach Leadership Behaviours Based on the Type of Sports
The purpose of the study was to examine if SHS athletes’ perception of coaches’ leadership behaviour differed based on the type of sports (i.e., team or individual sports) in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. One hypothesis was generated to guide the research. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey to conduct the research. A sample size of 1,002 respondents was drawn using multi-stage sampling from a population of 16,200 Senior High School Athletes in the Ashanti Region who took part in organised interschool sports competitions during the 2022/2023 academic year. An adapted version of the leadership scale for sports and an adapted version of the athletes’ satisfaction questionnaire were the instruments used for the study. Data were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results indicated that the perceived coaches’ leadership behaviour by SHS athletes significantly differed across the type of sports {(F (5, 995) = .488, P <. 001}. Based on the findings, it is recommended that coaches should solicit athlete feedback on specific competition methods, allow athletes to define their own goals, and allow them to attempt things their own way, even if they make mistakes.
Athletes, Individual Sports, Leadership Behaviour, Senior High School, Team Sports, type of sports.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Investigating Obstacles to the Development of Physical Education in the Schools of the 6th District of Kabul City
Sports and physical education are considered vital necessities for learners, teachers of physical education, and other members of society. Physical education is present during the stages of human life through daily activities and is related to the lives of both teachers and students. Physical education skills are important for the development of nervous, physical, and motor skills, as well as for the growth of body muscles and the strengthening of the circulatory, digestive, and respiratory systems. Therefore, it was felt necessary to conduct a detailed investigation. The research aims to identify the professional needs of physical education teachers and to uncover the problems they face, along with possible solutions. Given the importance of physical education in improving athletes' performance, it is crucial to address issues in teaching physical education content in schools.
Obstacles, development, physical education
Integrating Music into Physical Education of Learners with Special Needs: A Comprehensive School-Wide Approach
The study focused on integrating music into physical education for students with special needs as part of a comprehensive school-wide approach. The goal was to determine the influence of music integration on student participation. The study explored methods to enhance motor skills and coordination, and evaluated the viewpoints and experiences of teachers. The study demonstrated that introducing music into physical education can improve student engagement and skill development, particularly for kids with special needs. Music creates rhythm and structure, which improves physical health and motor skills. To get the best results, schools should evaluate the most effective types of music and time. Recommendations include extending music integration programs, tailoring music choices, offering ongoing teacher training, utilizing technology, conducting regular assessments, promoting parent and community involvement, and lobbying for legislation that promotes music integration.
Music, Physical Education, Learners with Special Needs
Video-Based Instruction in Pathfit 1: Does Muscle Fitness
This research evaluated video-based instruction in PATHFIT 1 and muscle fitness in the University of Cebu Main Campus for the Academic Year 2021-2022 to propose enhancement of the video-based instructional material. The respondents were 70 students in two sections of PATHFIT 1. The study investigated students' performance using Video-Based Material in teaching muscular fitness exercises, their perceived level of encountered problems, and whether there is a significant difference between students’ performance using video-based instructional material and traditional teaching material. The findings showed that the students’ performance who use the video-based material enhances the students’ performance. The acceptability level of the video-based instructional material revealed that students strongly agreed on learning processes. However, there is no significant relationship between the variables. Thus, it is recommended that the enhanced Video-Based Instructional Material in Teaching Muscle Fitness Exercises be implemented in the school, especially in teaching exercises in PATHFIT 1.
Video-based Instruction; Muscle Fitness; PATHFIT; University of Cebu; Quasi-experimental; Quantitative Study
Copyright (c) 2024 Bong Jovert A. Dechos, Rulthan Sumicad, Rosamaria P. Gob, Dennis E. Olofernes, Dennis Charles A. Dumdum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation between Improved Balance and Decreased Limb Spasticity and Improved Muscle Strength in Post-Stroke Hemiparesis
Approximately 80% of stroke patients experience disability in the form of hemiparesis (weakness of half of the body). Physiotherapy problems that commonly occur in post-stroke hemiparesis include decreased muscle strength, spasticity, and balance disorders. This research is a correlation analysis study with one independent variable and 2 dependent variables, aiming to determine the correlation between balance improvement with decreased leg muscle spasticity and improved leg muscle strength in post-stroke hemiparesis patients, carried out at the Inggit Medical Center Clinic Makassar with a total sample of 12 people who met the inclusion criteria and were given intervention in the form of the bobath method for 10 treatments, the measuring instruments used were functional reach test (FRT) for balance, Asworth scale for spasticity, and chair stand for leg muscle strength. Spearman test between balance and muscle strength obtained a p value of 0.001 (p <0.05) with a positive r of 0.822 which means there is a positive and significant correlation between increasing balance and increasing muscle strength. While between balance and spasticity obtained a p value of 0.04 (p <0.05) with a negative r value of 0.584, which means there is a negative and significant correlation between increasing balance and decreasing spasticity. Improved balance has a significant relationship with increased muscle strength, and improved balance has a significant relationship with decreased spasticity in post-stroke hemiparesis patients.
Balance, Limb Spasticity, Muscle Strength, Post Stroke Hemiparesis
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayu Feratywi, Anita Candra Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining Individual Versus Group Exercise Preference Among Maltese Gym-Goers
This paper presents a study of exercise behaviours among Maltese gym users where it seeks to understand what factors govern choices among gym users to exercise either alone or in a group. It is argued that being able to predict the propensity to exercise alone or in a group presents an opportunity for fitness providers to organise their efforts more efficiently in the broader context of contributing to improving public health and, therefore, possibly providing a more relevant gym product. Exercise and fitness literature highlights various factors likely to influence participants’ proclivities to exercise solo or in a group, including motivation, competitiveness, sporting background, age, and gender. To explore the possible influences of such factors in the Maltese context, a cross-sectional survey was carried out via an online questionnaire, which was analysed statistically using logistic regression. This was conducted by first incorporating the above factors with a propensity to exercise alone or in a group as the dependent binary outcome. Finally, a most parsimonious model was applied following a stepwise iterated process of factor elimination. The results show that gender and age were the most significant predictors of training modality, with being male increasing the likelihood of engaging in solo gym exercise behaviour by over five times. Increased age was also a significant predictor of exercising alone. We present a discussion of the findings in terms of exercise and fitness service provision, as well as broader issues related to the interaction between gym culture and gender norms.
Institute of Community Services, Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Paola, Malt
Copyright (c) 2024 Gabriel Agius, Paul Calleja, Matthew Muscat-Inglott https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of an 8-Week Plyometric Program on Acceleration, Power, and Change of Direction Speed (Using COD Deficit) on Elite Squash Players in Sri Lanka
High levels of agility, speed, response time, repeated muscle endurance, and both aerobic and anaerobic capacity are necessary for squash participation. There is a limited amount of standard traditional periodization to achieve optimal physical fitness for squash. Consequently, the goal of this research is to identify a more creative training design strategy. The purpose of this article aims to highlight the benefits of an 8-week plyometric program to help improve power, acceleration, and change of direction speed in elite squash players in Sri Lanka. Eleven elite squash players (age 20.81 ± 1.23 years; height 1.71 ± 1.59 m; weight 63.4 ± 4.11 kg) volunteered to participate. The plyometric program included three days per week for 8 weeks, including sets of 2 to 5 and 4 to 16 repetitions, with 2 to 5 minutes of rest for each plyometric exercise, in addition to their regular squash practice. Agility was assessed using the 505 Agility Test (505AT), while power performance was measured through the vertical jump (VJ) test and acceleration was measured through a 10 m sprint test, both before and after the training period. Change of Direction speed was calculated through COD deficit. Significant improvements for the vertical jump test, 505 AT, and 10 m sprint test (21.02 %, 20.32 %, and 16.68 % respectively) were noted after 8 weeks of the plyometric program and also, the change of direction speed was 13.39 % significantly improved. The 8-week plyometric program displayed significant improvement in power, and change of direction speed, suggesting that a method can be highly beneficial for squash players and coaches.
Copyright (c) 2023 P.C. Thotawaththa, G. R. A. C. Gamlath, L. Ekanayake https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Moderate Aerobic Exercise in College Students’ Memory Retention
This study was conducted to determine the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on memory retention of 1st-year Political Science students at the University of Cebu Main- Campus, Academic Year 2022-2023. It utilized the quantitative research method; thus, this study used a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design. The researchers used this design in conducting this study to evaluate if the intervention known as moderate aerobic exercise, precisely the brisk walk-in-place exercise, positively affects the students' memory retention. Moreover, this research design helps determine the effect of the treatment on the respondents before and after manipulation. Physical exercise has undeniably positive effects on both our bodies and minds. The scientific literature emphasizes its impact on our memory. The idea that something as simple as exercise, which anyone can do, has the potential to improve our memory is reason enough to investigate further. This will be especially beneficial for students, as having a good memory is a requirement for academic success. They chose them as the respondents in this study because their major requires much memorization, and they recently switched from online to face-to-face classes. This research aims to see if there is a difference in students' memory retention before and after moderate aerobic exercise. The research was motivated by the recognized positive influence of physical exercise on memory. It focused on its relevance to students who require strong memorization skills for academic success, especially considering the transition from online to in-person classes. The primary objective was to examine any variations in memory retention before and after moderate aerobic exercise. Individuals were given the challenge of memorizing 50 pairs of words within a ten-minute time frame. This task was repeated on the second, third, and fourth days, and a memory retention test was administered on the fifth day. While the overall results did not reveal a significant difference in memory recall, some participants showed modest improvements, suggesting potential benefits for certain students. The study recommends that future investigations consider factors such as IQ levels, learning preferences, diet, sleep duration, and life stressors, which could influence students' memory abilities.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rulthan Sumicad, Julie Pearl A. Vaño, Rosamaria P. Gob, Dennis E. Olofernes, Ricci Francoise Dubouzet, Ivyrose S. Sevilla, Alben Kenth V. Ladera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Golf is often seen as a leisurely sport and is considered to be the most popular outdoor sport. Most importantly, Golf is a remarkable fusion of art and science. This research explores the profound scientific understandings that govern the dynamics of golf, from the physics of ball flight to the biomechanics of the swing. It delves into the intricacies of golf equipment design, the influence of weather conditions, and the impact of golf on physical and mental well-being. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature and empirical studies, this research signifies the fusion of golf and science, offering a holistic understanding of this age-old game's modern facets. The paper concludes by shedding light on the potential of golf as a platform for understanding the dynamics behind the sport and its contributions to the wider domain of sports science.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ruhaan Batta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Exercises Accompanied by Electrical Stimulation in the Rehabilitation of Paraplegic Patients in the Elderly
Therapeutic exercise in combination with electrical stimulation has become an important method to help improve movement and raise functional efficiency in elderly paraplegics. Therefore, this research focused on designing a rehabilitation program with electrical stimulation to raise the functional efficiency of the elderly with paraplegia and to know its effect on the muscle tone of the muscles of the upper and lower extremities of the affected part. In this paper, the researcher used the experimental approach due to its suitability to the nature of the research, using the intentional method in selecting a sample of 8 patients with simple and medium degrees. The results showed the positive effect of rehabilitative exercises with electrical stimulation used in a sample in improving muscle tone and reducing the effects of spasms in it, as well as a positive effect of the rehabilitative exercise program with electrical stimulation in increasing and improving the range of motion, and an improvement was also found in the angles of the joints of the affected limbs as a result of continuous movement and continuation in the performance of the proposed rehabilitation exercises in a sample with the ability of the injured individuals to perform strength training and improve the movement level. In conclusion, the researcher recommends being guided by the therapeutic program in rehabilitation and paying attention to flexibility and orthotics together as two sides of the same coin to get rid of muscle spasm in particular and improve muscle tone in general, and to pay attention to the development of muscle strength, balance, flexibility and views of the affected muscles.
Electric Stimulation, Hemiplegia, Rehabilitation exercise.
Actual Situation of Pedagogical Training Activities of Students of Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Thai Nguyen University of Education and Influencing Factors
Pedagogical training is a professional activity in teacher training. Pedagogical training activities help students have enough baggage to become good teachers, need gold and confidence in the teaching process, and form good personalities and qualities. The purpose of the article is to assess the current status of students' pedagogical training activities and determine the factors affecting the practice as a basis for proposing measures to improve the quality of training. We used a variety of methodological approaches to address the research question. A questionnaire consisting of 8 questions was developed to interview 56 students and 18 lecturers about the actual situation of pedagogical training activities of students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Thai Nguyen University of Education and influencing factors. Interview results are analyzed using Microsoft Excel software to process the data. The results show that the current pedagogical training activities of students still exist and are limited. The study identified 8 factors affecting students' pedagogical training. The correct assessment of the situation will help the Faculty and the University to properly recognize the current reality. This result serves as a basis for proposing measures to improve the quality of training and meet the requirements of employers and society.
Measuresprofessional training in pedagogy, students, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Thai Nguyen University of Education
Copyright (c) 2023 Tu tran Thi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identifying Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Barriers in the Physical Education Administration of Afghanistan’s Ministry of Education
The main aim of this study was to identify the strengths, weaknesses, barriers and opportunities in the Physical Education Directorate of the Ministry of Education of Afghanistan. The population of the study was the directors of the Physical Education Department and the faculty members of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences of Kabul Education University. Thirty-five individuals were the participants of the study. The research questionnaire employed consisted of four parts (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and barriers) which were used after determining the validity and reliability. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data in SPSS 24 software. The results showed that the most important strengths were the existence of sports networks, paying attention to sports and physical education, the existence of participatory management space as well as setting for collective decision-making. The most noticeable weaknesses are the lack of a strategic plan in the General Directorate of Physical Education, lack of well-trained physical education instructors and its disproportion to the student population of the country. The opportunities available in this field were the young population and the existence of many talents in physical education in the country, increasing the level of education of physical education instructors; and the big threats were the influence and interference of other bodies and non-specialized officials in physical education administration, as well as lack of sufficient funds for sports education. Managers and staff members of the Physical Education General Directorate should better plan for the achievement of high efficiency and effectiveness by identifying strengths and weaknesses and taking advantage of environmental opportunities and barriers.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Barriers, Physical education, Education
Copyright (c) 2023 Mohammad Ayaz Hakimi, Tajuddin Rasheedi, Muhammad Yaqoob Seraj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing University Students’ Abilities and Challenges While Learning to Swim
Swimming as a modern exercise has several health benefits for both healthy and unhealthy people, including improved psychological health, improved life satisfaction and self-perception of health, physical health, reducing stress, anxiety, tension, and sadness when compared to other exercises. Despite the benefits, fear and anxiety prevent many university students from enjoying the many relaxing benefits of swimming. As a result, the purpose of the study was to assess university students’ abilities and challenges while learning to swim. The study took the form of a quantitative approach while utilizing a longitudinal cohort survey design. The sampling technique that was utilized is a census approach (complete enumeration) to select all 40 students that were enrolled in four occurrences of Learn to Swim during semester 2, 2022, at the University of Technology, Jamaica (UTech. Ja.). The results of the study revealed that 72% of the participants had some level of fear in water or deep water, resulting from students' lack of knowledge and practical experience in swimming. Additionally, when comparing the pre-and post-practical assessments, there was a 36% overall improvement in terms of participants' ability to swim, with only 23% of the participants still fearing water or deep water. This led to 82% of the participants obtaining a passing grade for the course. Furthermore, the reduced level of fear and anxiety of participants was attributed to exposure to deep water, the lecturer's method of teaching, more knowledge of swimming, and improved practical skills. The results have great implications for the swimming abilities of university students in Jamaica. It shows that enough exposure to swimming can reduce fear and anxiety and improve swimming abilities.
Copyright (c) 2023 Van Der Rowe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlates of Sports Confidence among High School Athletes
The purpose of this study was to establish the correlates of sports confidence among high school athletes. The study examined Vealey’s (1986) nine sources of sports confidence in relation to contextual factors of gender, age, playing experience and type of sport. A descriptive survey design was used, and data were collected using Vealey’s Sources of sports confidence questionnaire (SSCQ) from high school athletes (n=175). Results showed that coaches’ leadership was the highest source of sports confidence, followed by mastery and physical and mental preparation, while situational favourableness appeared to be the weakest source of confidence amongst the athletes. There were significant differences in physical self-presentation (t=-2.14, df = 173, p =0.034) in favour of male athletes. Athletes participating in individual sports had superior scores in mastery, while coaches’ leadership was the most important source of sports confidence for athletes in team sports. There were significant differences in coaches’ leadership (t=-3.118, df = 175, p = 0.002) and social support (t= -2.236, df = 175, p = 0.027) in favour of athletes in a team sport. Athletes who did not engage in their current sport while in a primary school rated coaches’ leadership highly, while mastery of the skill was scored highly by athletes who did participate in the sport while in primary school. It is concluded that coaches’ leadership skills, mastery of skill execution and physical or mental preparedness were the major sources of sports confidence. High schools should utilize coaches who can be emulated by the athletes.
Source of sport confidence, high school, individual, team sport
Copyright (c) 2023 Elijah G. Rintaugu, Brian O. Lusaga, Francis, M. Mwangi, Kevin K. Kipchumba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Attention Focus and its Relationship to some Basic Skills of the Diyala University Soccer Team Player for Futsal
The research aims to identify the relationship between attention focus and its relationship to some basic skills of the players of the Diyala University football team for futsal through attention focus as an indicator of the level of performance of basic skills. The researchers used the descriptive approach due to its suitability to the nature of this research. This research was conducted on a sample that was chosen by the intentional method and consisted of (20) players from the Diyala University futsal team, where the researchers used the attention focus test form (network test) to measure the quality of attention focus in the research sample. The researcher used the scoring and handling skills test, and after conducting the exploratory experiment on the university team players, who consisted of (5) players outside the research sample, and after processing the results, the research resulted in a positive correlation between the attention focus test and the handling and scoring skills. Attention focus (network test), using a training program to focus attention due to its great importance in some of the basic skills of futsal, conducted similar studies in games that require focus and accuracy to determine the players' ability.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Level of Time Management in the Administrative Bodies of the Club Participating in Volleyball: An Analytical Study
Sports management has components and basics, the most important of which is time. One of the responsibilities of administrative work is to use the poles and the economy of effort in all facets of the work, and one of the unavoidable priorities has been time management. In the conventional sense, the significance of this research is examining the degree of time management exhibited by the club's administrative bodies that play volleyball. Among the most prominent of these problems is the weakness of time management, how to invest this energy, and scheduling administrative work according to a programmed curriculum. Among the goals of this study is to build and implement the time management form for the administrative bodies of clubs participating in volleyball and learn about the level of time management of the administrative bodies of the participating clubs in volleyball. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the surveying study method because it is closest to dealing with the research problem. The research community represents the first-class volleyball club players, which included (150) players. The sample was divided into two parts, which included the Building sample and the application sample. The construction sample number was (100) players, and the application sample number was (50) players. The findings exposed a serious flaw in the administrative structures of the volleyball league's participating teams. It is advised that the administrative staffs of the volleyball league's participating teams pay close attention to time management.
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
An Analytical Study of Administrative Deviations (Functional and Field Guidance) For Volleyball Coaches in Iraq from the Players’ Point of View
The study was concerned with functional deviation and field guidance, which does not use administrative and leadership positions correctly, and their decisions come unlike the public and private interest and come negatively at the level of the players. The study aimed to measure volleyball coaches' administrative and guiding administrative deviation and determine the standard levels of job administrative deviation and thereby the guidance for volleyball coaches. The research problem came with a weakness of the administrative cadres working in the sports sector and the administrator of the volleyball game and increased administrative deviations and field guidance among members of the Central Volleyball Federation. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method due to its suitability for the current nature of the study. The research sample community was chosen by volleyball players from the Premier League clubs (Elite), and the number (114) players by (8) teams, and the research sample was chosen in a random way. The overall sample was divided into two parts, the first was the building sample, with numbered (27) players, and the second section is to the application sample, which numbered (81) players. The conclusions were released, the most important of which was the presence of differences in the levels of functional deviation and field guidance.
Administrative Deviations; functional and field guidance; Volleyball Coaches.
Exploring Lived Experience of Abusive Behavior among Youth Hockey Coaches
This study explores the causes and solutions to youth hockey coaches’ abusive behavior, particularly shouting, swearing, and punishing. It draws on extensive literature regarding youth sports, Positive Youth Development, coaching behaviors, emotional abuse, and the culture of hockey. The issue was approached from four perspectives: players, parents, referees, and coaches. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and written questionnaires, then transcribed and coded through numerous readings to determine common themes. Perceived reasons for abusive coaching predominantly included “they coach as they were coached,” the “culture of hockey,” and “pressure to win,” with “ego,” “poor communication skills,” “lack of maturity,” and “substance abuse at the low end of the scale. Proposed solutions focused overwhelmingly on emphasizing Positive Youth Development.
Coaching behavior, abusive coaching, ice hockey, youth sports coaching
Copyright (c) 2022 Matthew LoGuercio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0