Barriers and Facilitators in Adopting Healthy Lifestyles in West Ethiopia: A Qualitative Research Study

Risks of NCDs are prevented by adopting healthy lifestyles, but it remains a matter of concern and the knowledge regarding the effect of social factors on health almost not researched in West Ethiopia. The objective of the study is to explore barriers and facilitators in adopting healthy lifestyles among urban residents of West Ethiopia. A qualitative study design was used with three diversified focus group discussion (FGD) guidance to obtain adoption and perception of 27 participants’ on healthy lifestyles. The collected audio-record and session note data’s; were transcribed, verbatim and qualitatively analyzed through a thematic approach. The following themes were identified based on social capital perception frames (bonding, bridging, and linking). Barriers theme:  negative influence from family, peer pressure and perceive towards unhealthy lifestyles &obesity, and accepted socialization by the community (bonding); inadequate awareness on NCD screening and management and insufficient support from health care workers (bridging); and hospital & community healthcare professionals related barriers, inequity in the allocation of public resources (linking). Facilitators theme: motivation to participate in physical activity (bonding); cooperative relationships with health extension workers (bridging); and fear of morbidity and mortality; access of media to an aware, healthy lifestyle (linking); were identified themes to healthy lifestyles adoption. This study revealed that urban residents of west Ethiopia adopted unhealthy lifestyles. Bonding, bridging and linking social capital would be work as barriers and facilitators to adopting healthy lifestyles. Therefore, integrating quoted findings into the chronic care system need attention.

Studies verified that a healthy diet plus 150 minutes of moderate-intensity, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical exercise for three to five days per week, incorporating aerobic and strengthening exercises, improves health (Sallis, R.2017; Taylor, D. 2014;WHO;. However, the study conducted on adherence levels to dietary recommendations for chronic care was poor among Ethiopian patients. For instance, in Addis Ababa 51.4% of poor diet adherence were registered (Worku A, et al.2015), while high percent (74.3%) of poor adherence to dietary recommendations among patients with T2DM in Northern Ethiopia (Ayele et al.2018).
Other bottlenecks to adopting healthy lifestyles were lack of physical activity protocol, no skill and standard receipts. Because of these, our people use unstandardized doses of salt, sugar and other substances. For example, standard doses of alcohol for male are two standard drinkings, while one for female. Thus, two standard drinks are equivalent to 25 ml spirits (like whisky, vodka, brandy) or one standard glass (125ml) wine or 340ml beer. The main recommendations for a healthy diet are sufficient daily consumption of fruits and vegetables (≥ 400 g) and restricted consumption of free sugars (< 10% or, ideally, < 5% of total daily energy intake), fats (< 30% of total daily energy intake from total fats, < 10% total daily energy intake from saturated fats) and salt (< 6 g daily or one teaspoon) (WHO; 2016).
In Ethiopia, the epidemiological, behavioural risk factors (tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and khat chewing) showed that 7 % of men use tobacco products; 45% of women and 53% of men reported drinking alcohol in their lifetime; 11% of women and 28% of men reported that they have ever chewed khat (EDHS,2011). Another study in Addis Ababa reveals the prevalence of Mets was 14.0% in men and 24.0% in women (Girum, 2014). In addition, elevated blood pressure is more common in females (44.5%) than in males (34.9%) (Abda et al., 2016). The impact of unhealthy lifestyles undermines the quality of life, life expectancy, and productivity and contributes to death and economic losses. Escalating rates of obesity in the U.S. have resulted in higher direct and indirect economic costs. Direct medical costs include prevention, diagnosis, and treatment related to obesity. Indirect costs are further subdivided into morbidity and mortality costs. Morbidity costs represent lost income from reduced productivity, restricted physical activity, absenteeism, and bed days. Mortality costs encompass lost future income due to premature death (Spark, Arlene, 2007;Hirakawa, et al. 2016).
In our country, engaging the community into healthy lifestyle adoption was low and also health and nutrition information desk for awaking community on it is not sated yet. The population debunk of the myths and misconceptions of the diseases are other barrier wings. For example, NCDs are the disease of: Several qualitative studies have been conducted in Ethiopia to explore people's lifestyles behaviour with regard to communicable diseases. However, no qualitative studies have ever explored barriers and opportunities to adopt healthy lifestyles and prevent NCD through social capital perspectives, while such studies have been conducted in other countries (Hirakawa, et al. 2016).
The underlying causes of unhealthy lifestyles that induced high NCD risk factors among residents were investigated. In-depth exploration of barriers and facilitators to adopting healthy lifestyles to improve modifiable risk factors of chronic illness needs integrated community, nutritionist/dieticians, physicians, sports expert, teachers, general practitioners, health officer, and nurse's team. For interpretation, we used social capital framework with bonding, bridging, and liking categories to elucidate barriers and facilitators to adopting healthy lifestyles among urban residents of western Ethiopia.

Study design and area
This study was designed to explore barriers and facilitators in adopting healthy lifestyles among urban residents in urban residents in west Ethiopia: qualitative analysis through social capital perspectives with the provision of class survey, FGDs and sessions notes. Because of the hub centre for western towns (Assosa, Ambo, Bure-Bahirdar, Metu and Jimma) this study was conducted in Nekemte city, which is located at a distance of 328 km from Addis Ababa.

Participants
With non-probable sampling, participants were purposely recruited through health extension workers, who knew the residents' lifestyles and social backgrounds well. And the participants were purposively selected from health professionals, known chronic diseases patients, undiagnosed communities, teachers, business bankers, community leader and office workers. According to Degu and Tegbar (2006), a minimum of 27sample size calculated from three groups with 6-12 members each needed among adults 41 to 64years. Homogenous group composition was divided into three age-stratified groups with the concept of life expectancy and biological change with regard to menopause age: [41-48, 49-56 and 57-64] years old with comprised of 10, 9 and 8 participants respectively keeping the data saturation. In addition, three individuals experienced in qualitative research methods involved in leading, collecting and analyzing the focus group discussions to do sound research.

Analysis
To manipulate the analysis, cascading the number of participants by code who mentioned a particular theme was performed as the best indicator of prevalent themes (Thairu, et al, 2007). Audio-recorded files were transcribed. Each session notes and focus group data were entered into Microsoft Word for open coding analysis by three coders. To illustrate the analysis, the participants' audio and direct quotes are transcribed into English verbatim, serving as a description of the topic explored. The qualitative data were analysed through social capital perspectives with bonding, bridging and linking frameworks.

Focus Group Discussions
Three focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted in February 2019 at chelelik clinic compound. A FGD guide was designed to cover the common scale of healthy lifestyle adoption, containing five main domains ( This guideline provided the arbitrator with the framework for raising topics, and participants were expected to express their perception and practices of adopting healthy lifestyles or not and discuss what barriers and opportunities to adopt healthy lifestyles are. All the FGDs were conducted in Afan Oromo and moderated by Amharic in the selected discussion room. Evidence was captured in photo, audio-recorded and key issues raised in the discussions were noted, and discussion continued until no new issues were raised, or saturated for 60-90 minutes. Text data were analyzed by thematic approach, which contains the following steps: 1) Audio and notes translated into English verbatim including direct quotes; 2) Familiarization (the principal investigator was read thoroughly and repeatedly the original Afan Oromo transcript to get the concept); 3) Identifying and defining themes guided by study objective; 4) Generating initial codes; 5) Narrating and reviewing themes; 6) Reporting the findings.

Familiarization
The first author repeatedly read the original Afan Oromo transcript to obtain the whole sense of the FGDs. Expert of English linguist read the summary of FGDs translated by qualitative data researchers and analyzers.

Generating initial codes
The first author generated the initial codes from the original Afan Oromo transcript. Then those initial codes were translated into English and shared with all the analysts. And both promoters reconciled differences and finalized the coding scheme.
This study, the coding process hold both inductive and deductive approaches. Initial coding was performed by assigning cohesive chunks of text to broadly explore the opportunities and Barriers to adopting healthy lifestyles. During this process, we found that most of the findings of the study were booming with social capital theory. Thus, we applied the social capital framework to investigate the additional codes.
In the present study, social capital is a set of shared values that allows individuals in a group to work together effectively to achieve a common purpose, and it is an appositive product of human interaction (Will Kenton, 2019). Other scholars defined social capital as "social connections and the attendant norm and trust" and classified it as bonding, bridging, and linking (Putnam RD, 1995; Szreter & Woolcock, 2004). Bonding social capital refers to the strong ties with individuals who are homogeneous in social composition (have similar interest and goal), whereas bridging social capital refers to the weak ties with individuals who are heterogeneous in social composition. In this study, we defined bonding as strong ties with family or close friends and bridging as the networks in the community level. Linking social capital was defined as the district, provincial and national level issues, such as the vertical ties with people with the local and central government. Themes  were  finally  created  to  link  the  categories  and  to  map  the  whole  thematic  system.  Table 2, illustrates the process of themes generated from the transcribed text by showing some examples and reviews the trial example of generating themes from the text

FGDs
Group of age 41-48 Group of age 49-56 Group of age 57-64 Text "I have no choice…we are good friends, especially those who have been so for a long time. If they drink more than two bottles of alcohol, how can I just drink half?" "I know smoking is harmful,.…I fill in a good mood, when I smoke full packet." "I really hope that…of course you can do an intervention here…I hope that you professionals could give us acceptable and feasible Suggestions to make us healthier. We need more knowledge to change our lifestyles. We all still like to put a lot of oil and salt when cooking. We know we can not drink too much, but we still like drinking."

Codes
I need to drink a lot to keep a good relationship with friends.
There is a lack of chronic diseases health care workers in the community.
We have some know-how about healthy lifestyles, but we don't know how to do it. We did not have procedures/protocols

Ethical consideration
The Institutional Review Board approved this study (IRB), Institute of Health, Jimma University (Approval No. IHRPGY/596/2019; January 1, 2019). Consent of each participant was obtained prior to the study. Data were analyzed anonymously and quotes were showed with participant codes instead of names.

Participant characteristics
The basic information (gender, age, occupation, job categories) of participants were obtained before the FGDs conducted from 27 participants. The majority of the respondents were 41-48 years aged (37.04%), male (55.56%), and employed (77.78%) (Table3). This means unfortunately the selected one has little information that initiates them.

Theme Categorization Theme 1: Barriers
The analysis applied three types of social capital: bonding (i.e. strong ties with individuals who are homogeneous in social composition, such as with family members, community sports club and close friends), bridging (i.e. weak ties with individuals who are heterogeneous in social composition, such as health care professionals) and linking such as health care system (i.e. vertical ties with the regional and federal government) ( Table 4). Female participants mentioned that substance use such as smoking, drinking alcohol, chewing chat, cannabis was shared with all family members. If someone uses substance at home, everybody in the same family develops a bad attitude.
"My husband keeps saying that it would be possible for him to fast more days but impossible to withdraw from drinking… many dependent people are living in the house, if he did not stop, we could depict in food insecure. Even with a consequence, my two boys were in line too. Our salary did not afford healthy food for the family." (Team_1, female, 41-48-year-old)

Peer pressure
People may adopt risky behaviours such as smoking, over-drinking and over-eating, as they want to be recognized by their peers. Participants believed that entertaining relatives or friends in a restaurant and drinking a lot of alcohol was necessary to earn the respect of their guests and maintain a good relationship with them.
"I have no choice…we are good friends, especially those who have been so for a long time. If they drink one bottle of alcohol, how can I just drink half?" (Team_3, female, 57-64 years-old group)

Participants perceive towards Overweight and obesity
Custom towards an unhealthy lifestyle of the members of the close network made community think that it would be all right to adopt risky behaviours. For example, most of the participants accepted that it would not be a problem for an adult to be obese. The high tolerance of family and friends towards obesity would decrease the motivation for changing behaviours.

"We are adult enough. Being obese is a sign of doing well and it is ok for adult people. We don't care." (Team_3, male, 57-64 years old)
One of the respondents elaborated, "we feel healthy. Now I am 51 years old, I have not diagnosed before. We do not have as such detail knowledge. Also cost for diagnosis is high." (Team_3, male, 57-64 years old) "Financial reasons" emerged as a major barrier to a healthy diet. For instance, one respondent stated "not being able to afford it, money is something that can prevent you from physical activity." Some participants also stated "healthy diet cost more," "lack time to cook," and "fast food is cheaper" as barriers to healthy eating habits.(The former: Team_2, male; 49-56 years old; the latter: Team_1, female; 41-48 year-old)

Accepted socialization by community
Human beings are social creatures and they all participate in the network of social relationships. Starting from ancestors to nowadays, our community accepted coffee ceremony as a means of socialization, cultural value and welcoming guests. Preparing coffee, a minimum of two times a day and drinking at least three cups of coffee served in each period is common practice. They usually added a lot of sugar in each cup of coffee and the dose of caffeine did not measure. One person stated: "I cannot drink coffee without added sugar, I like sweaty products like cake. Not only me, my colleagues also too. I have a cup of coffee at home only when sugar is available." (Team_1,male; 41-48 year-old) Bridging social capital 4. Insufficient support from health care professionals Custom Participants from three FGDs precisely explain the strong motivation of changing behaviours, although they felt that they could not succeed without professional support from health care workers. They thought that their health knowledge was too little to adopt healthy lifestyles.
"I really hope that…of course you can do an intervention here…I hope that you professionals could give us acceptable and feasible suggestions, to make us healthier. We need more knowledge to change our lifestyles. We all still like to put a lot of clotted oil and salt when cooking. We know drinking too much is harmful, but we still like drinking. We know substance use is dangerous, yet we are using few substances like chat." (Team1, female, 41-48-year-old)

Inadequate awareness on NCD screening and management
Participants illustrate poor health information coverage as a barrier to healthy lifestyles adoption: "…mass media coverage on the importance of healthy lifestyles adoption, like health and nutrition registration, radio, television (TV), newspaper, and mobile short message service (SMS) is inadequate. We think the awareness created by health care workers to the community on the health benefits of a healthy lifestyle is insufficient."(Team2, male, 49-56-year-old) Linking social capital

Hospital related barriers to adopting healthy lifestyles
The respondents mentioned insufficient infrastructure and lack of professionals in the hospitals as a barrier: "…there is no aerobic and gym, active physical assessment center, metabolic syndrome therapy center, and trained professional in dieticians for nutrition council, physiotherapy and sport nutrition expert for exercise referral." (Team2, male, 49-56 year-old) The respondents indicated the lack of physical activity protocol or guidelines prevents the use of physical activity to prevent and control NCDs: "…physical activity tools that help health care workers by type, intensity, duration, and frequency of physical activity to be prescribed to patients is lacking in health institutes." ( Team3, male, 57-64-year-old)

Community-related barriers to adopting healthy lifestyles
Due to food insecurity (availability and adequacy), people practice unhealthy diet such as clotted oil. Because of this: "I and my family consume vegetable once a week..., and occasionally fruits." (Team3, male, 57-64 years old).In addition, they consume cereal-based monotonous foods regularly. For instance, respondent raises: "we… always eat Injera with shiro wett." (Team2, male, 49-56-year-old group). Another respondent continued …." Because of lack of time I eat unknown source food in the restaurant." (Team2, female, 49-56-year-old group) The majority of the participants believed they did not exercise enough, while many participants acknowledged the importance of regular physical activity. Most of the respondents gave simple and concise responses such as "yes [don't have enough exercises]" and "I feel like I do not have enough activities." Some participants elaborated that their beliefs were the reasons for physical inactivity. For example, one participant said "I don't have enough exercise. I feel like I don't have sufficient time for exercise, I work." (Team1, male,41-48 years old) "Financial reasons" emerged as a major barrier to a healthy diet. For instance, one person stated, "not being able to afford it, money is something that can prevent you from physical activity." Some participants also stated "healthy food cost more," "[being] busy," and "fast food, literally fried biscuit is cheaper" as barriers to healthy eating habits. Lack of free time was revealed as a key subtheme relating to insufficient enough regular exercise. "Time," "work" and "lack of awareness" were common responses when asked about what prevented participants from exercising.

Inequity in the allocation of public resources
Inequity in the allocation of public resources: due to lack of incorporating healthy lifestyle adoption into urban health policy to access good quality of health services. Participants complained that the city did not have community health care workers other than HEWs.
"Generally speaking, (unlike developed countries), our doctors are not so impolite, but the problem is too few doctors and busy by routine work. There is less attention to NCD prevention through community-based healthy lifestyles education." (Team_2, male, under 49-56 years-old)

Barrier related to healthcare professionals to adopt healthy lifestyles
One respondent indicated that the lifestyles of healthcare providers is the other barrier to adopt it into their work: "…most healthcare providers may not have active lifestyles may be due to lack of time, skill, confidence, knowledge, and prioritizing clinical matters which may enable them not to use physical exercise in the healthcare system."(Team1, male, under 41-48years-old) The respondents reflect the experience of health care workers associated with healthy lifestyles adoption is not a model for the community. A male participant indicated; "…experience can be a barrier to integrating physical exercise in the healthcare to treat NCDs. For instance, lack of practical experience on the type, duration, intensity, and frequency of exercise to be integrated with healthcare to prevent and control NCDs is barriers among healthcare professionals." (Team3, male, under 57-64years-old)

Theme_2: Opportunities to adopt healthy lifestyles
Bonding social capital

Motivation to participate in regular exercise
Motivation to engage in regular exercise occurred when participants had many friends who have similar interest. Sports clubs, such as riding a horse, running, swimming, usually involved in many people with similar health goals. Participants remarked that the community team sports helped them to engage in physical activity.
"Yes! When I was young, I had to look, but my home is far from a sports club, so it was impossible to participate in a community sports club. Due to opportunity living in condominium (home nearby sport club), it helped me engage in regular exercise."(Team3, female, 57-64-year-old) Bridging social capital

Cooperative relationships with health extension workers
Respondents mentioned the cooperative relationship with health extension workers, encouraging their health-seeking behaviour and enhancing healthy lifestyles campaigns. "Health extension workers cooperate with each other in our town." (Team1, male, 41-48 years old) "The health extension workers are very nice! Just like our family. We like them." (Team2, female, 49-56year old) Linking social capital 1. Fear of morbidity, mortality and medical help-seeking An important factor that appears from the participants was fear of morbidity and mortality due to symptomatic degenerative diseases and participants take care of themselves. They had an understanding that by keeping the levels under control, it could be prevented. All the participants agree on the importance of early screening before become ill. Nevertheless, due to the expensive, limited knowledge and time-consuming hospital visits, they could not afford frequent follow-ups. Hence, most of them did not visit a doctor unless they were very sick. One person expressed the fear and his experiences as follow:

Limited awareness about healthy lifestyles and NCDs
Linking social capital included awareness of healthy lifestyles nationally. Participants stated the levels of awareness were limited due to various health policies and its implementation.

"Formerly, I didn't know it (healthy lifestyles), now I understand how important it is. Nowadays, we have limited knowledge of it; some of us hear it through TV and radio, and health extension workers.
We all know what should be done in order to live longer, but in the old days, nobody heard of that." (Team3, female, 57-64year old).

Discussion
We identified barriers and facilitators in adopting a healthy lifestyle among urban residents in west Ethiopia. Bonding, bridging and linking social capital would work as facilitators to adopt healthy lifestyles, as seen in awareness creation and made cooperative relationship among health extension workers. Conversely, social capital also works as a barrier, such as perceived barriers to adopt a healthy lifestyle like "financial reasons" emerged as a major barrier to healthy diet and peer pressures to continue over-drinking. This encourages the adoption of a healthy lifestyle at the family as well as community level.
This study reveals the following findings. First, the lack of affordable unsaturated oil, lack of fruit and vegetable availability and economic problems to purchase were major barriers to adopt a healthy diet. Second, lack of knowledge and skill on chronic Care (For instance: barrier related to participants believed getting obese at an adult age is normal). Finally, the lack of community health care workers and inequity in the allocation of public resources were observed. Our study narrated barriers and opportunities in adopting healthy lifestyles as of domains stated in focus group guides.
Barriers related to diet was raise from lack of knowledge, economy and availability of resources like unsaturated oil, fruits and vegetables. Due to food insecurity, most people consume saturated oil and cereal-based monotonous food. Also, almost all respondents indicated they did not eat fruits because of their expensiveness and unavailability. For example, 1Kg of apple and banana were 100 and 30 Ethiopian birr, respectively. This result was similar to the finding of perception and practice of 'healthy diet in relation to non-communicable diseases (Nagoya, et al. 2018).
As urbanization increases physical activity decreases and sedentary life increases. In healthcare, lacks practical guidelines on how to prescribe physical exercise other barriers. Previous research demonstrated that healthcare professionals who use physical exercise guidelines, use physical exercise to treat NCDs patients more confidently than those who are not using it (Brien, et al. 2017).
The findings confirm that there are barriers regarding marginalizing professionals from hospitals, lack of chronic health workers, and physical activity prescription hindering risk factors. Similar study conducted supporting the idea with lack of physical activity protocol in the Ethiopian health care system possibly imply the lack of knowledge about the health benefits of physical activity among policymakers and absence of physical activity as a strategy for NCDs prevention in the national health policy (Melkamu et al. 2018). In contrasting a study in America reported the presence of guidelines and physical exercise in all medical schools of the USA (Lobelo, et al. 2014).
Bonding social capital provides intensive supports to the individuals (Szreter & Woolcock M, 2004). It is expected to play a significant role in adopting healthy lifestyles, such as reducing salt intakes and exercising regularly. Several studies indicated the role of social capital in adherence to healthy lifestyles. For example, a Dutch study shows that people with a high level of neighbourhood social capital were more likely to be physically active and non-smoker (Mohnen et al., 2012). As of (WHO 2010) on physical activity: 23% of adults aged greater than 18 years insufficiently engage in moderate-intensity physical activity (< 150 minutes) per week.
In developed countries, NCD services are preferably delivered in an established NCD clinic with a team of experts. However, our current placement of health facility structure and staffing is impossible to have liked this ideal scenario. It is recommended to integrate healthy lifestyles education into health post with primary prevention of diseases.
We identified barriers with respect to the health system, patients and professional to prevent and control NCDs. Health care workers/ general practitioners did not prescribe healthy diet and physical activity because of the absence of protocol. The community have limited knowledge to become diagnosis early identification of risks factors of chronic diseases. The study conducted in Sydney focused on particular lifestyle risk factors of obesity, tobacco and alcohol support our study. Due to Lack of dedicated clinical guidelines and protocols for primary care, only a small proportion of primary care visits include risk assessment, provision of information or support for behavioural change (Harris, 2009).
To sum up, lack of promoting healthy lifestyles through media alone, improper placement of health facility structure and staffing, lack of community coaching, unavailability of (fruits & vegetable, unsaturated oil, salt adequacy measurement), food price inflation, and lack of public awareness creation do not secure without coaching leadership implementation and policy advocacy.

Conclusion
Our findings demonstrated that bonding, bridging and linking social capital could work as barriers and facilitators for adopting healthy lifestyles in urban residents of western Ethiopia. Due to different barriers stated in the above social capital frameworks, the community's unhealthy lifestyles are practised. So, it implies face to face education needed to adopt healthy lifestyles and prevent non-communicable diseases.

Implications
The results of this study bring valuable insights for the further development of healthy lifestyles education. Financial reasons and the lack of available time were the main determinants for people to engage in a healthy diet and physical activity. The government needs to undertake food insecurity. Increasing the availability of affordable healthy foods like polyunsaturated fatty acid oil, fruits & vegetables, and opportunities for physical activities in communities is essential for healthy lifestyles. Another bottleneck is the lack of community health care workers that give awareness on the effect of healthy lifestyles education on metabolic syndrome and quality of life. Due to the lack of health and nutrition information desks in all institutes, people also have limited knowledge on early screening, prevention and self-management of NCDs.
The identified barriers are indicators for policymakers to plan, design, and implement healthy lifestyles adoption into the chronic care setting and redesign the existing health policy. Besides that, training of health care workers on healthy lifestyles adoption, physical exercise prescription and metabolic syndrome prevention at all levels of medical education is required. Additionally, establishing communal training and a therapy centre will be needed.
Multimodal behavioural intervention, including education, medical nutrition therapy (diet, social, physio and psycho) and coping strategies, need attention to NCD prevention. The nutrition lens approach is required to remove the barriers and use opportunities for healthy lifestyles adoption. Whatever active screening is recommended for all individuals above 40years, this scenario needs paradise shift to be mid of life expectance (above 30 years and above 20 years for those of their family who have a history of NCDs). Our people do not visit health institutes to detect NCD risks early; so, community mobilization and motivation are suggested. Make sure noticing people habitual practices may have health implication to bring behavioural changes.
Ethiopia current health care system placement of health facility structures and staffing is not established NCD clinic with a team of experts, except the specialized hospitals. So, it is strongly recommended to integrate healthy lifestyles education to the health post for primary prevention of NCD through health extension workers under the supervision of health officer or practitioner nurses, deliver NCD services at ART clinic, chronic care/referral clinic and specialized clinic in the health centre, general hospital and tertiary hospital respectively. To be effective in healthy lifestyles adoption and chronic non communicable diseases care, Ethiopia should take social capital perspective into account and implement a primary prevention plan using health care worker.