Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering
Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering (ISSN: 2710-1436) is an international peer-reviewed monthly journal published by Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. The journal welcomes publications of high-quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical, civil and industrial engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high-quality technical notes are invited for publication. The scopes of the journal include, but are not limited to Mechanism Design, Manufacturing Engineering, Engineering Design, Electrotechnology, Fluid Dynamics, Thermodynamics, Automotive Engines, Engineering Mathematics, Mechatronics, Control Theory [...] Read More
Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development
Human-Robot Collaboration in Mechatronic Systems: Towards Ergonomic and Safe Mechanical Design
Collaboration between human and robot is rapidly increasing. The safety trend is moving from ‘keep humans out’ to ‘design for safe and intentional interaction.’ In mechatronic systems, how you design your hardware, where components are connected, where the end-effector is, how flexible or how tight everything is, how far apart components are, and where everything goes, is often what determines whether a human-robot collaboration can occur. The paper proposes a design-oriented framework for HRC mechatronic systems. It combines risk thinking and safety-by-design concepts of safety function planning. In this framework, rather than relying on real-world information or experiments, known safety-by-design, robot safety, and body design thinking can be combined into a process. The process can be applied to the requirements phase of design. The proposed design-oriented framework produces verifiable outputs, which can be a combined list of hazards and ergonomics, a relationship between hazards and design changes, and a plan to verify both simulation and documentation-based verification.
Sarodagh, Chromite, Ophiolite, Goshta, Peridotite, Nangarhar, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study Experimental and Numerical of Cross-Laminated Bamboo with Epoxy Adhesive
One of the most promising processed wood products today is cross-laminated timber (CLT). Another alternative to cross-laminated timber (CLT) is cross-laminated bamboo (CLB), which can address the challenges of using wood. Cross-laminated bamboo (CLB) is a floor and wall slab made from bamboo slats arranged at 90° angles. Variations in bamboo type and size were analyzed using ANSYS numerical modeling. ANSYS is a FEM software used for the simulation and analysis of engineering products and systems. The purpose of this study was to analyze the flexural strength (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and ductility of cross-laminated bamboo (CLB) as a floor and wall slab structure. This study investigated whether it could produce satisfactory results using numerical modeling. This study used a two-point method to obtain the modulus of elasticity (MOE), flexural strength (MOR), and ductility. The experimental cross-laminated bamboo (CLB) used Petung bamboo as the test specimen, measuring 1360 mm in length, 660 mm in width, and 44 mm in thickness. Epoxy/Melamine Formaldehyde (MF) glue was used as the adhesive. Numerical modeling of the CLB, with dimensions similar to those used in the experiment, involved modeling two bamboo variations: Petung bamboo and Apus bamboo. Epoxy/Melamine Formaldehyde (MF) glue was used for the numerical modeling. The test results for the cross-laminated bamboo (CLB) showed an average modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 14.56 GPa, an average flexural strength (MOR) of 17.15 MPa, and an average ductility of 5.01. The damage behavior of the CLB was characterized by cracks in the bamboo slats and peeling of the glue. Comparison of the difference between experimental and numerical values ​​of CLB Petung bamboo at the maximum load of 19.96% and the final loading of the deflection difference of 16.29%. In numerical terms, with different types of material variations, namely Petung bamboo and Apus bamboo, the deflection difference at maximum load and final load.
Cross-laminated bamboo, MOE, MOR, Ductility, Ansys Software
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering
Prediction of Fatigue Life of Asphalt Layers in Desert Environments Using Neural Networks and SHAP Analysis: Al-Kufrh Case Study
This study develops a predictive framework using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) combined with SHAP analysis to estimate the fatigue life of asphalt pavements in Al-Kufra, Libya, a desert environment characterized by extreme temperatures and daily thermal fluctuations. Field data from five roads were analyzed to evaluate the influence of asphalt content and air voids. The ANN model achieved high accuracy (R² = 0.91, MSE = 0.015), showing that asphalt content between 5.5–6.0% significantly improves fatigue resistance, while air voids above 4% reduce service life. SHAP analysis provided transparent interpretation of variable importance, confirming asphalt content as the most supportive factor and air voids as the most detrimental. This research represents the first integrated application in Al-Kufra, bridging local and global scholarship, and offers practical recommendations for sustainable pavement design in hot desert climates.
Fatigue life, ANN, SHAP, asphalt content, air voids, desert pavements, Libya
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Predictive Maintenance in Smart Manufacturing: An IoT-Integrated Framework
The very swift evolution of Industry 4.0 technologies has transformed conventional manufacturing into data-centric, networked manufacturing systems where efficiency, reliability, as well as sustainability are prime considerations. Against this setting, predictive maintenance (PdM) has gained considerable momentum as a significant method for reduction in equipment breakdown as well as resource utilization optimization. The current paper discusses the application of Internet of Things (IoT)-empowered predictive maintenance in smart manufacturing systems, while indicating its possibilities for migration from reactive as well as preventive strategies to data-centric, proactive strategies. The research posits a conceptual strategy that utilizes IoT-enabled sensing, real-time communications, data analytics, as well as statistical models to assemble forecasts of equipment breakdowns prior to their commencement. Strategic benefits that encompass cost optimization, increased product output, as well as sustainability enhancement are discussed in concurrence with challenges in the form of interoperability, cybersecurity risks, organizational reluctance, as well as the lack in standardized frameworks. The discussion also involves predictive maintenance evolution towards prescriptive ones, integration in digital twins, as well as the human-centric Industry 5.0 approach. Considering that empirical adoption remains in budding stages, this research identifies the necessity for scalable architectures as well as future studies that converge technical innovations as well as commercial viability. Overall, this study places IoT-enabled predictive maintenance as the foundation upon which resilience, sustainability, as well as competitiveness in next-generation smart manufacturing systems can obtain.
IoT-enabled Predictive Maintenance, Smart Manufacturing Systems, Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0
A Spatial Sensitivity Analysis of Flood Control Capability in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone, Central Lombok Regency, using a GIS-Based Multi-Attribute Decision Making Approach
The Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) on Lombok Island continues to develop as a national strategic area, particularly driven by rapid tourism expansion. Intensive land-cover changes, vegetation degradation, and increasing rainfall in recent years have contributed to the rise of recurrent flooding. These conditions highlight the need for a deeper assessment of flood sensitivity to support mitigation efforts and adaptive spatial planning. This study aims to evaluate the MADM scoring–weighting process, identify dominant parameters and the effects of weight variation on flood sensitivity, estimate the extent of vulnerability classes, and formulate mitigation recommendations for the area. Six parameters were used: rainfall, slope, elevation, land cover, river density, and population density. The Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) method was applied using two weighting scenarios (35%–13% and 25%–15%), supported by visual verification based on morphology, color distribution, and administrative boundaries. The results indicate that medium-vulnerability zones dominate the study area, especially in transitional regions between lowlands and hilly terrain. Land cover and slope emerge as the most influential parameters, producing more stable and logical spatial patterns with weights of 0.30 and 0.25. Elevation and river density fall into the moderate-influence category, with weights of 0.15 and 0.12. Rainfall and population density show lower discrimination due to data limitations, with respective weights of 0.15 and 0.08. Land cover and slope also demonstrate the highest sensitivity, while elevation, rainfall, and river density show moderate sensitivity, and population density represents the lowest level. Medium vulnerability dominates the study area at 50.66%, followed by low vulnerability at 26.52% and high vulnerability at 22.83%. To reduce flood risk, government authorities and area managers should strengthen land-cover rehabilitation, improve spatial-planning regulations, reorganize river networks to enhance flood-control capacity, and manage population density through zoning and development monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Mechanical, Civil and Industrial Engineering
Analysis of Hydrological Station Rationalization in Dompu Regency
This study aims to rationalize the hydrological station network in Dompu Regency in order to establish an efficient, effective, and regionally representative hydrological monitoring system for the watershed. The analysis was carried out using the Kagan–Rodda Method, the Stepwise Method, and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Density Standard. The dataset consists of rainfall observations, river discharge data, and climatological variables sourced from the Nusa Tenggara I River Basin Authority I, the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics, and the Agency for Food and Horticultural Crop Protection. The results show that the existing hydrological station network does not meet the minimum World Meteorological Organization standards for station density and spatial distribution. Based on the Kagan Method, the ideal number of rainfall stations in Dompu Regency is 19, with an interpolation error of 1.01%. Meanwhile, the Stepwise Method indicates that the correlation between rainfall stations and water level gauging station remains low. According to WMO guidelines, Dompu Regency requires at least 93 rainfall stations, 8 water level gauging stations, and 8 climate stations to meet the representativeness standards for small mountainous island regions. Therefore, additional stations are needed along with the revitalization of hydrological equipment to improve data accuracy and the operational efficiency of the network.
Rationalization, Hydrological Stations, Network Efficiency
Optimization of Irrigation Water Allocation at The Meninting Dam to Substitute The Water Discharge to The Jangkok - Babak HLD
Water resources are vital components for sustaining life and supporting economic development; therefore, their management must be carried out in an integrated and sustainable manner. The Lombok River Basin (WS Lombok), as one of Indonesia’s National Strategic River Basins, comprises 197 watersheds (DAS), 52 of which have been utilized for water supply. The imbalance of water distribution between the western region (which tends to have a surplus) and the southern region (which faces a deficit) necessitates an efficient and equitable water management system. One of the key solutions developed to address this issue is the construction of the Meninting Dam, designed to balance water availability through the High-Level Diversion (HLD) Jangkok–Babak Channel. This study aims to simulate and optimize water allocation from the Meninting Dam to several major irrigation areas, namely D.I. Sesaot, D.I. Jurang Sate Hulu, D.I. Jurang Sate Hilir, and D.I. Jurang Batu. The methodology includes hydrological simulation and water allocation optimization using a trial-and-error approach to achieve flow balance between the supplying rivers (Meninting, Jangkok, and Sesaot) and the HLD as the receiving system. The results indicate that water availability in each irrigation area reaches 2,480 L/s for D.I. Sesaot, 10,049 L/s for D.I. Jurang Sate Hulu, 8,596 L/s for D.I. Jurang Sate Hilir, and 4,536 L/s for D.I. Jurang Batu, with a total inflow to the HLD system of 13,970 L/s. Following the operation of the Meninting Dam, irrigation efficiency (K Factor) increased from 85.6% to 98.3% in D.I. Sesaot, and from 86.3% to 87.7% in the Jurang Sate–Jurang Batu system. Water distribution also shifted, with 61.4% of the flow directed to the HLD system and 38.6% to D.I. Sesaot, as the dam fully meets the irrigation demand in D.I. Sesaot. These findings demonstrate that integrated inter-watershed water management through the operation of the Meninting Dam and the HLD system significantly improves water distribution efficiency and supports the enhancement of cropping intensity in southern Lombok.
Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Concrete Incorporating Perlite, LECA, and Supplementary Materials
Lightweight structural materials are increasingly essential in modern construction, particularly in seismic-prone regions, as they reduce self-weight while maintaining mechanical reliability and improving earthquake resilience. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of lightweight concrete mixtures produced using expanded perlite and Light Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA), combined with stone powder and microsilica to enhance matrix densification, with Ordinary Portland Cement (Type I) and potable tap water used across all mixes. Four lightweight mixtures—C350L40P15, C300L60P5, C400L40P15, and C400L50P10—were designed and compared with a reference concrete. Results showed substantial reductions in compressive strength (35.4%–54.2%), with C400L40P15 achieving the highest value of 26 MPa. Indirect tensile strength decreased by 16.3%–32.5%, yet mixtures with higher perlite content demonstrated notable improvements, achieving up to 19.4% greater strength compared with lower-perlite. Flexural tensile strength declined by 28.6%–41.3% relative to the reference, with C400L40P15 again showing the best performance (4.5 MPa). The elastic modulus exhibited the largest reductions (54.3%–65.7%) due to lower density, though it increased with higher cement content and reduced water-to-cement ratio. Overall, the findings indicate that optimized perlite content, controlled density, and the incorporation of stone powder collectively enhance the tensile, flexural, and stiffness properties of lightweight concrete, highlighting its potential for structural applications in earthquake-prone areas where reduced density is crucial for improving seismic performance without severely compromising mechanical strength.
Lightweight Concrete, LECA, Perlite, Superplasticizer
Sensitivity Analysis of Mock and NRECA Method Parameters on Water Availability in the Jangkok Hulu Watershed
The Jangkok watershed, as one of the watersheds with high utility, plays an important role as a supplier of supplementary water to the communities living in the surrounding area. If there is a decrease in base flow in the Jangkok Watershed, it will have a significant impact on the irrigation water supply in Jangkok-Babak-Jurang Sate, raw water supply, and industrial water in Mataram City and West Lombok Regency. Because the Jangkok watershed is widely used for low flow management in the form of river and spring water, water flow availability can be obtained using the F.J Mock and NRECA methods. Each parameter has its own sensitivity that can directly affect changes in water availability. The parameter with the greatest sensitivity is determined based on the average deviation percentage and discharge change. The initial stage involved a calibration process with Qdefault results for the Mock and NRECA methods of 1.261 m³/dt and 0.968 m³/dt, respectively. Next, sensitivity analysis was performed using calibrated default parameters with overestimate and underestimate conditions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis of the F.J. Mock Method, the parameter with the highest sensitivity was the Groundwater Recession Constant (k) under an underestimate condition of 20%, which affected the increase in water availability discharge in January 2024 to 6.457 m³/dt with an average deviation of 245.90%. In the NRECA Method, the parameter with the highest sensitivity was Percent Sub Surface (PSUB) under the 20% underestimate condition, which influenced the increase in water availability discharge in January 2024 to 0.993 m³/dt with an average deviation of 20.08%.
An Analysis of Erosion Hazard Levels Using the USLE Method in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone
The Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is located in Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, which has been designated as a tourism area. Land use changes due to tourism development have caused increased erosion, sedimentation, and flood discharge. This study aims to estimate the extent of erosion and sedimentation in the watersheds located in the Mandalika SEZ, namely the Tebelo, Ngolang, and Balak watersheds. Erosion calculations were performed using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method, and sedimentation was calculated using the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) following the Menhut (2005) method. The results show erosion rates of 101,189.01 tons/year (Tebelo watershed), 79,158.05 tons/year (Ngolang I watershed), 16,387.94 ton/year (Ngolang II watershed), 123,557.66 tons/year (Balak I watershed), and 2,701.15 ton/year (Balak II watershed). The level of erosion hazard in all watersheds varies from very light to very severe. The sedimentation values produced reach 8,666.24 m³/year (Tebelo watershed), 7,019.14 m³/year (Ngolang I watershed), 1,986.82 m³/year (Ngolang II watershed), 9,990.7 m³/year (Balak I watershed), and 447.25 m³/year (Balak II watershed).
Automated Pick & Stow Robot System for Sorting in an e-Commerce Warehouse
Technology is an important factor influencing the development of a company. The Industrial Revolution 4.0 is a new era with an independent field of science in the form of data digitization. Reliable technology has the ability of a flexible, customer-oriented control system with the Just in Time (JIT) concept, and can function as a continuous control system process. Problems that often occur in e-commerce warehouses are improper management, lack of inventory control carried out by machines, and lack of integration with operators, so it takes a long time to analyze errors in the logistics process. This study proposes a sorting robot to reduce the workload in a logistics warehouse. The system consists of three main modules, including a six-axis arm and its controller, software, and flexible end-effectors. The robot automates the picking and storing of objects from and to shelves in an e-commerce warehouse. The prototype system can be demonstrated through several simulations and real-world experiments with real robots.
Integration of nature-based solutions in urban planning: policy, governance, and institutional frameworks
The concept of the Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) inclusion in urban planning has become one of the strategic avenues towards the attainment of sustainable, climate-resilient, and habitable urban areas. Nevertheless, even with the increased understanding of their environmental and social importance, NBS are not uniformly reflected in urban policies and institutions. This paper focuses on the convergence of policy framework, governance systems and institutional structures that influence mainstreaming of NBS in urban settings. On the basis of an extensive analysis of the current state of empirical and conceptual research, the paper reveals the main problems of governance, namely the fragmentation of regulatory tools, lack of cross-sectoral coordination, and institutional capacity. The review indicates that a successful NBS integration relies on adaptive governance schemes, coherent multilevel alignment of policy, and participatory institutional schemes that are conducive to innovation and accountability. In addition, European and world case studies have shown that policy planning (collaboration), long-term funding approach and inter-agency collaboration are important to maintain NBS outcomes. The paper suggests that to entrench NBS into more inclusive urban governance and planning systems, regulatory reform is necessary, as well as, the development of inclusive and knowledge-based institutional ecosystems with the potential of bridging science, policy, and community practice.
Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), Urban Planning, Policy Integration, Governance, Institutional Frameworks, Sustainability
Safety Analysis of Construction Projects in Kabul Using the FMEA Method with a Worker Behavioral–Psychological Approach
Construction safety in developing countries such as Afghanistan is a major concern due to weak regulations and cultural influences that significantly increase risks. This field-based study employed the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method to identify hazards, with particular emphasis on both technical and behavioral aspects.An analytical investigation was conducted across ten construction projects, including governmental, residential, and commercial buildings, to identify, assess, and prioritize hazards. Initially, the primary risk factors within the projects were identified. For each hazard, three parameters—severity, occurrence probability, and detectability—were determined. Subsequently, prioritization criteria were applied, and hazards were ranked based on the Risk Priority Number (RPN).The findings revealed that the highest RPN value (560) was associated with work at heights. Contributing factors included discomfort caused by personal protective equipment (PPE), lack of safety harnesses, rushing, and a culture of indifference, along with managerial negligence driven by cost reduction and underestimation of worker health. Conversely, the lowest RPN value (180) was linked to disregard for PPE, stemming from weak work culture, lack of incentive and penalty systems, and insufficient training. The results also highlighted significant risks posed by crane operations, temporary electrical work, and the absence of a reporting culture. The RPN findings suggest that Afghan authorities should implement supervisory controls, enforce regulations, provide crane operation training, ensure the use of PPE, and strengthen the reporting culture to mitigate critical hazards and enhance the culture of construction safety in Kabul.
Construction Safety, FMEA, RPN, PPE, Kabul
Case Accuracy for Offshore Assets Using the Nkansah Reconciliation Model: Technical Report & Case Study
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Re-Imagining the Spaces In-Between: Design Interventions to Transform Urban Voids in Downtown Dayton into Active, Breathing Areas
In today's rapidly expanding urban landscapes, space paradoxically grows scarce, yet underutilized voids remain overlooked. Downtown Dayton, like many cities, faces the challenge of meaningfully integrating these neglected spaces into its urban fabric. With its dense concentration of offices, downtown Dayton needs places of tranquility-areas where employees and residents alike can engage in psychogeographical exploration, experiencing moments of personal solitude and quiet reflection. Such subtle, personal interactions with the city can emerge in liminal spaces, akin to what Roland Barthes calls the punctum - moments that "prick" individual consciousness, creating personal significance. To address this lack of tranquil spaces, I propose transforming Dayton's neglected urban voids into areas where solitude and fresh air can be deeply experienced. Rather than focusing solely on high-activity spaces, a balanced emphasis on areas for solitary exploration and contemplation, alongside active public spaces, is essential. My design interventions aim to reclaim Dayton's overlooked voids, forming a network of "breathing spaces" that invite exploration of the downtown's architecture and social fabric. As Michel de Certeau describes, pedestrians' unpredictable movements through these spaces will carve "rhetorical" paths that challenge Dayton's urban order, reimagining it as a dynamic landscape enriched by personal stories and experiences.
Rethinking Sprawl: How High-Density, Low-Rise Housing Can Reshape Small Cities like Baton Rouge
This paper examines the potential of low-rise, high-density housing as a solution to urban sprawl in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Driven by zoning regulations that favor single-family homes, Baton Rouge's outward expansion contributes to environmental harm and car dependency. Arguing for a shift towards higher-density living, this paper proposes low-rise, mixed-use developments as a more sustainable and community-focused approach. By analyzing case studies and examining the benefits of mixed-use integration, this paper demonstrates how such developments can create a more vibrant, walkable, and environmentally conscious urban environment for Baton Rouge. Furthermore, it addresses concerns related to traffic and infrastructure, highlighting how thoughtful design and planning can mitigate potential challenges. Finally, the paper proposes policy recommendations, including zoning reform, incentivizing affordable housing, investing in public transportation, and community engagement, to facilitate this transition towards denser, more resilient urban growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Building Materials in the Traditional Architecture of Nuristan Province, Afghanistan: A Case Study of Wood, Stone, and Indigenous Materials in Parun and Wama Districts
In many developing countries, construction methods differ significantly from those in developed regions, often relying on readily available but low-quality materials. Afghanistan, as a developing country, displays a wide range of traditional construction practices, particularly in remote provinces. This study focuses on the traditional residential construction techniques of Nuristan Province, with an emphasis on the use of wood, stone, and other indigenous materials in the Parun and Wama districts. The research investigates how these materials are applied in local building practices and evaluates their performance in terms of sustainability, structural resilience, and climatic suitability. Data were collected through field observations, interviews, questionnaires, and physical measurements conducted during site visits in 2025. The findings reveal that the indigenous materials used in Nuristan are not only practical and cost-effective but also environmentally sustainable and culturally significant.
Nuristan Province, Traditional Architecture, Indigenous Building Materials, Wood and Stone Construction, Sustainability, Seismic Adaptation, Vernacular Techniques
As is clear, the human body is mainly composed of water and electrolyte fluids. Accordingly, we can say that the human body generally acts as a conductor. The body also has resistance, due to which part of the electrical energy inside the body is converted into heat. The main factors affecting electric shock are voltage, current, resistance and other factors. Voltage, current and electrical safety are considered vital aspects in the design and operation of electrical systems. This article examines the effects of current-voltage and related matters on electrical safety and analyzes voltage drops and power fluctuations in cables and transmission lines, as well as the effects of different currents on the body. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of high voltage and different currents on the health and safety of the body, maintain equipment and investigate methods for reducing voltage drops in electrical circuits. To achieve this goal, analytical and computational methods have been used to examine the effects of current and voltage drops and compare them with existing safety and security standards. The results of the study show that voltage drops in many of the systems studied are beyond the permissible limits of the standards, which can lead to reduced efficiency and increased electrical safety risks. Based on these findings, suggestions are made to improve the design and appropriate selection of cables and protective systems. This research can help improve the understanding and management of electrical safety and protection in various systems and help designers and engineers reduce risks and increase the efficiency of electrical systems.
Current, Electrical safety, Human body, Hazards, Voltage
Particle Swarm Optimized Robust Backstepping Control of a Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle under Pink Noise
Technological developments in sensors, actuators, and energy storage devices have allowed the development of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Quadrotor UAVs are used in sensitive tasks such as surveillance, search and rescue, mapping, mining, cargo carriage, agricultural spraying, firefighting, and photography. Quadrotor UAVs are exposed to effects such as noise and vibration while performing these sensitive tasks. Therefore, robust controller design that is resistant to noise and vibration gains great importance. Noise and vibration can be caused by the sensors, actuator, and propellers of the quadrotor. Background noise in electronic devices is called pink noise. The primary sources of pink noise in electronic devices are generally slow fluctuations of the properties of the condensed matter materials of the devices. These contain fluctuating defect configurations in metals, fluctuating trap occupancy in semiconductors, and fluctuating field structures in magnetic materials. In this study, a particle swarm optimized (PSO) robust backstepping controller is designed for a quadrotor that can follow altitude and attitude references under pink noise. The rise time, overshoot, and settling time of the PSO-optimized proposed backstepping controller and classical PID controller were compared. It has been proven by simulations that the designed PSO-optimized backstepping controller performs more successfully than the classical PID controller.
Study and Evaluation of the Extraction of Northern Oil Fields on Income Generation in the Afghan Economy
The study and investigation of oil extraction processes play a key role in improving economic productivity and increasing national income. As the main sources of income in many countries, these activities play an important role in economic development, creating employment, and providing financial resources for development projects. Economic analyses show that proper management and advanced technologies in oil and gas extraction can have a significant impact on improving productivity and reducing costs, and as a result, increasing the income generation of the economy. In addition, policies based on sustainable financial principles and proper utilization of resources can prevent price fluctuations and the decline of fossil fuels and ensure economic stability. Afghanistan, as one of the countries rich in natural resources, has significant potential in the oil sector, although major extraction and exploitation has not been carried out in this sector so far. Lack of infrastructure, lack of modern technologies, and internal insecurity are major obstacles to the development of this sector. The release and identification of oil reserves in parts such as the northern and western regions of the country provide great economic opportunities. If these resources are extracted in sustainable and effective ways, they can play an important role in increasing government revenues and improving the livelihoods of the people. If properly and fairly exploited, oil revenues can be an important source of finance for development projects, education, health, and infrastructure. Job creation and poverty reduction as a result of extraction activities are among the direct benefits of these resources. Despite the high potential, Afghanistan faces challenges such as insecurity, weak technology, lack of appropriate investment, and inability to manage resources. These factors prevent full and profitable exploitation and limit economic opportunities. By improving security, developing modern technologies, and attracting international investment, Afghanistan can exploit its oil resources, which can be effective in increasing national income, reducing poverty, and improving public welfare. Attention to proper management, transparency, and compliance with environmental standards are crucial in this path.
Extraction, Oil, Job Creation, Economy, Social Welfare, Northern Afghanistan
A look at the oil and gas industry of Afghanistan
Afghanistan is one of the oil and gas-rich countries in the world, especially Asian countries. Also, one of the reasons for the periodic developments and instability of Afghanistan's political currents is the presence of hidden and even untouched mines, especially oil and gas. Oil exploration in Afghanistan dates back to the 1950s, when in 1958, Afghan and Soviet experts conducted a topographic and geological survey in the northern provinces of Afghanistan, then two years later announced the discovery of oil and gas in the cities of Sheberghan, Sar-e-Pul and Faryab. Oil and gas play a vital role in the sustainable development of a country, because they provide the main energy sources and have a wide impact on the economy, technology and environment. Proper exploitation of these resources can lead to economic growth, job creation and improvement of people's living standards. On the other hand, the importance of oil and gas in sustainable development leads to a balance between economic exploitation and environmental protection. The main objective of this article is the importance of oil and gas in defining Afghanistan’s position in the world, especially in Asia. The research method in this study is considered by separating the research and statistical perspectives, which was selected from the perspective of the development goal, from the perspective of the qualitative method, and from the perspective of the nature of the data, descriptive-analytical. In this study, a questionnaire was distributed to experts, specialists in the oil and gas field, graduates of this field, and university professors and analysed with SPSS software. The results of this study showed that Afghanistan is in the category of rich and mineral-rich countries; but a suitable percentage has not yet been used to provide community facilities and government self-sufficiency. The reason for this is political instability, lack of relative security, lack of technical and skilled personnel, and also the lack of technical facilities for mining. Fortunately, recently, necessary investments have been made in the extraction of oil and gas mines in the northern provinces of the country (Jawzjan and Sar-e-Pul).
Innovative Simulation Model for Analyzing the Effects of Supplier Disruptions on Supply Chain Distributors
In the current business landscape, supply chain disruptions, have become increasingly prevalent, impacting operational efficiency and profitability. These disruptions have resulted in significant ripple effects throughout the supply chain, resulting in increased delivery times and lost sales that, in extreme cases, can reach Statistics up to 76,169 units. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of managing these disruptions, comprehensive models that quantitatively assess their propagation and impact on downstream distributors are lacking. This study aims to address this gap by developing a discrete-time Markov chain model integrated with a Baye.sian network to analyze the ripple effects of supplier disruptions on distributors. The research focuses on key metrics such as lead times and lost sales, revealing that disruptions can increase lost sales by up to 44% in definite scenarios. By employing this dynamic modeling approach, the study illustrates the pathways through which disruptions propagate, identifies critical risk factors, and evaluates supplier vulnerabilities. The findings underscore the necessity for robust supply chain strategies to mitigate the effects of disruptions, providing valuable insights for managers to make informed decisions regarding supplier selection and inventory management. The scientific implications of this research contribute to the evolution of more comprehensive frameworks for disruption management in multi-tier supply chains, paving the way for future studies to expand on these insights and enhance supply chain resilience.
Supplier Disruptions, Supply Chain, Simulation Model, Ripple Effect, Distributors
Optimization of complex dynamic DC Microgrid using non-linear Bang Bang control
DC microgrids are gaining importance in various power electronics applications because of their efficiency in integrating diverse distributed energy sources. However, designing such complex systems is a great challenge, especially when it comes to high efficiency with minimum power losses and signal distortions that would affect the quality of the output. These systems are inherently dynamic and nonlinear, requiring robust control strategies to accomplish stability and quick dynamics under changing load and operating conditions. Linear and nonlinear control techniques can adopt solutions to the present challenges. For a proposed system, a nonlinear bang- bang control strategy is adopted for DC microgrid performance enhancement. It provides fast operation and enhances the system's overall stability. The performance of the system has been rigorously evaluated and analyzed under different scenarios to validate its effectiveness and reliability. Results are stated in favor of the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed control in the maintenance of the desired output characteristics.
DC Microgrid, Power Electronics, Non-linear Control, Bang-Bang Control, System Optimization, Signal Distortion, Dynamic Systems, Control Techniques, System Stability, Efficiency Enhancement
Copyright (c) 2020 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Predictive Maintenance in Telecom: Artificial Intelligence for predicting and preventing network failures, reducing downtime and maintenance costs, and maximizing efficiency
Predictive maintenance (PdM), leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI), is transforming the telecommunications industry by enabling the prediction and prevention of network failures. This proactive strategy reduces network outages and maintenance costs while enhancing overall system performance. By employing AI technologies such as machine learning algorithms, big data analytics, and sensor data analysis, telecom operators can identify patterns and anomalies indicative of potential component failures. AI-driven models continuously monitor network health, facilitating highly accurate failure predictions and enabling timely interventions. This article examines the application of AI for PdM within the telecom sector, focusing on its impact on operational efficiency, resource optimization, and service stability. The findings highlight significant cost reductions and operational improvements achievable with PdM systems. Furthermore, the paper discusses implementation challenges and key considerations for transitioning to these systems. The future outlook for telecom PdM suggests a continued evolution towards more automated, seamless network management and an improved customer experience.
Predictive Maintenance, Telecom, Artificial Intelligence, network failures, maintenance costs
Investigating the Drawbacks of Urban Trash in Taloqan City
According to a WHO report in 2012, five million people have died because of air pollution. It is estimated that air pollution reduces the quality of people's lives and the rate of efficiency; for this reason, the world pays 5 trillion dollars every year, and trash is the most influential reason for air pollution. In this research, which was done in Taloqan city, Takhar province, Afghanistan, we used a quantitative method consisting of a questionnaire paper among Taloqan city people from both male and female genders. We were looking for rules for trash in Taloqan city air pollution and strategies for getting people aware of trash drawbacks and strategies for trash prevention. We attached to the issue was accepted by the most percentage of Taloqan citizens, which trash is the most important factor of air pollution and destroyer the beauty of the city. for notifying people about religious erudite and educational organization teachers is the best option and about strategies for preventing from trash spreading, and it's disadvantage collecting the wastes separately is the most useful way also putting wastebasket among the city, processional work for trash removing and working individually for waste deleting are other ways that we found it in our research according to our research aims.
Environment pollution, Urban Trash, Air Quality, Solid Waste Management, Recycling Strategies, Health Hazards, Clean City Initiatives, Municipal Responsibility
Emerging Trends and Performance Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Construction Materials for Sustainable Urban Development
This work investigates the newest eco-friendly building materials, including bamboo, recycled concrete, insulation, and geopolymer cement and their importance for urban development. It analyzes ways that these innovations protect the environment even as buildings remain stable and functional. There is now a stronger emphasis on using green construction materials. The building and construction industry produces a lot of carbon and uses a lot of resources. It is needed to move towards greener building materials now more than ever. The research uses both a thorough literature review and a performance comparison of several selected eco-friendly materials. Valuable information was collected by reading academic studies, industry papers and environmental sources. It appears that many sustainable materials stand out for preserving the environment and benefiting the economy over time, but barriers to their use are expensive start-up prices, not being well recognized, and minimal formal support. The study emphasizes that using different steps together, such as making policies, giving incentives and educating people. It is important to make sure more sustainable materials are used in urban areas.
Eco-friendly construction materials, Green building, Construction innovation, Life cycle assessment , Green infrastructure, Building performance evaluation, Renewable materials
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Quantity Take-Off Strategies: Reducing Errors in Roadway Construction Estimation
Accurate quantity take-off (QTO) plays a critical role in various phases of bridge construction projects, from bid preparation and cost management to project execution. This essay presents conventional QTO methods and com- pares them with technology-driven methods, namely the use of Bluebeam Revu software. It analyzes how new technology can make quantity take-offs more accurate and efficient. Typical issues such as errors of measurement in manual measurements, incorrect interpretation of plans, and differences in documentation are analyzed in their impact on accuracy of bids and cost overruns. With reviews of literature, case studies, and comparative studies, the study determines the extent to which automation, standard workflow, and integration of software can signifi- cantly reduce QTO-related mistakes. The study draws attention to the role of new QTO technologies to improve estimation accuracy and make processes leading towards better delivery and cost control in bridge construction.
quantity take-off, construction estimation, Bluebeam Revu, digital workflows, cost accuracy
Validation of the solder paste imprinting process: KOKI S3X58-M650-7 based on an experiment conducted with the use of the DoE methodology. experiment conducted at Universal Scientific Industrial Poland Sp. z o.o.
This paper presents an analysis of the influence of selected parameters of the wire bonding process on the occurrence of lift-off defects using the Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology. A structured experimental plan was used to evaluate the effect of key process factors, including ultrasonic power, bonding time, and bond force. Statistical analysis was performed to identify significant variables and optimize the process parameters. The results indicate specific interactions between variables that contribute to the minimization of lift-off defects, thus enhancing bond quality and production yield.
wire bonding, DOE, lift-off defect, process optimization, statistical analysis
Investigating the use of Axonometric Projection in Drawing Maps and its Effect on Students' Spatial Ability: A Case Study of Isometrics
The urgent need to acquire the spatial ability of students of Kabul Polytechnic University, which is considered one of the leading engineering universities in Afghanistan, constitutes the purpose of the research. Therefore, the main question is whether teaching axonometric in the traditional way can meet the main goal stated in the national curriculum, which is to increase the spatial ability of students. To answer this question, this article reviews axonometrics, its types, and application areas. It is worth mentioning that no research has been conducted in Afghanistan so far on the factors that develop students' spatial visualization skills together with applied geometry concepts and other graphic activities that strengthen or limit spatial ability. This article aims to investigate students' spatial visualization skills after completing the first year of teaching engineering graphics and its effect on strengthening spatial abilities, in which the role of axonometric teaching is appropriate. To verify the results of the case study approach, data were collected from the experiences of 7 professors of engineering graphics in the Department of Technical Drawing at Kabul Polytechnic University, and interviews were conducted with 42 first-year students of the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the end of the second semester. Data were collected through an open questionnaire, focused discussion on the topic, arrangement and organization of lessons, observations from the teaching process, and interviews. The results of the exams show that the professors were able to improve the spatial ability of the students by teaching different types of axonometric, especially isometrics.
Application and Development of Artificial Intelligence in Optical Imaging
Artificial Intelligence (AI), a hot topic, plays an extremely important role in many fields. Studies have shown that AI plays a significant role in promoting the development of optical imaging technology and has great potential for future development. This study analyses the application of AI in superresolution, hyperspectral, and adaptive systems; summarizes the difficulties encountered by AI in automatic identification and active 3D imaging; and speculates on the future development trend of AI, which shows that AI has great potential for development in the fields of virtual reality and medical imaging and may become an important aspect of research in the future.
Artificial intelligence, optical imaging, superresolution imaging, hyperspectral imaging, computer vision