Concept Optimization Crime Prevention through Environment Design (CPTED)) in the Effort of Preventing Conditional Violations: A Case Study at Purwokerto Prison

| ABSTRACT Without a safe and orderly condition in prison, all activities, both coaching, care, and guidance, will not run smoothly. There are frequent violations of discipline committed by convicts, such as mobile phones, extortion, and drugs (halinar) in Purwokerto prison, so the authors take the formulation of the problem of how to use the concept of Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED) as a security strategy to prevent convict violations in Purwokerto Prison and what are the obstacles in implementing it. This thesis aims to find out how the CPTED concept is applied and its constraints in Purwokerto prison. This study uses the CPTED theory from C. Ray Jeffery with a descriptive qualitative approach and data collection from interviews, observation, and literature studies. There are six principles to apply the CPTED concept: territoriality, surveillance, access control, target hardening, image and management, and activity control. In its implementation, Purwokerto Prison also encountered obstacles such as the quality and quantity of human resources, differences in theory and its application in the field, unfavorable geographical location, ineffectiveness of CCTV, and regular patterns of officers that inmates can read.


Introduction
To carry out coaching in prisons, prison conditions are needed that are safe and orderly, and controllable (Tilaar, 2020).However, conditions in prison are very vulnerable living conditions because the inmates are people who have problems in their lives by having violated the law and are currently serving prison sentences in prison (Crawley, 2013).
Violations are usually committed by convicts of various kinds and types of violations.In general, violations committed by convicts are divided into two characteristics: violence and non-violence.Violent violations in the prison environment can result in violence against inmates and violence against officers, such as fights and beatings.Meanwhile, non-violent violations can be smuggling, drug distribution, illegal cell phone possession, or possession of sharp weapons.Three models cause convicts' violations in prison, both violent and non-violent, including the deprivation model, the innate model, and the situational model (Brown & Ross, 2009).
It can also be identified that all violations of convicts are supported by two other factors, namely prison internal factors and prison external factors.Internal factors due to several reasons, namely: the condition of prisons that have exceeded capacity so that the fulfillment of rights and coaching of convicts does not run effectively and efficiently, the integrity of prison officers such as extortion practices, lack of security facilities and infrastructure, human error officers, and there are words that prisons are a crime high school.The meaning of these words is that, for example, convicts in sexual abuse of minors can learn higher crimes from fellow prisoners who have cases of human trafficking (Morar et al., 2019).
External factors can be interpreted as support from the community outside the prison, which can potentially help convicts commit violations.Some of the supporting factors from external prisons include threats from social groups of prisoners such as terrorist network groups, criminal gangs, families of prisoners, and stigma from society.Based on observations at the Purwokerto Prison teary, threats from outside the prison that have the potential for convict violations can be in the form of throwing illegal items from outside, which the duty officers often thwart.These items are often found in packages containing illegal drugs and mobile phones (Fedock, 2017).
Prevention of convict violations is carried out to create a peaceful atmosphere in prisons.When the atmosphere is safe and under control, the coaching of convicts can go according to plan.Indirectly, the explosion of disturbances of security and order can impact the community because services in prisons can stop due to the explosion of disturbances of security and order.Violations committed by convicts can have an impact like a chain that is connected to one another.Small violations in prison are likened to a fire that can grow and destroy everything around it.Therefore, security and order in prisons are crucial, considering that chaos in prisons can affect residents, officers, and residents outside the prison building.Directly the impact of disturbances to security and order can have implications for the social environment of the prison (Worthington, 2012).
Efforts to secure conducive prisons in accordance with Permenkumham Number 33 of 2015 are the main requirements to be able to realize the success of the process of implementing the correctional system.Security in prisons, namely all forms of efforts for the purpose of prevention, prosecution, and restoration of disturbances of security and order.Therefore applying the concept of Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED) is a form of security measure in prisons to prevent violations of prisoner discipline (Equatora & Rahayu, 2019a).Based on cases of convict violations at Purwokerto Prison, there have been many types of actions by officers to create a safe and orderly prison situation, but this is likened to pulling out grass but not getting to the roots so that cases of these violations always reappear.So from that, the researchers wanted to conduct research with the title "Optimization of the Concept of Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED) in Efforts to Prevent Prisoners Violations (Case Study at Purwokerto Prison)".

Literature Review
The article "Product Attachment Design for Prevention of Crime in Cafes Using the CPTED Concept Approach" was created by Achmad Syahid, Fajar Sadika, and Terbit Setya Pambudi in 2020.The CPTED concept of this substudy concept reminds us of creating a prevention mechanism.Cafe visitors did not make mistakes by adding attachments to each consumer's table in the form of a digital display of information about warnings for consumers based on infrared detection of the consumer's body temperature while at the visitor's table (Equatora & Rahayu, 2018).
The article entitled "Study of the Applied Concept of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in the Interior of Semi-Detached Residential Types in Sidoarjo," written by Amy K. Santoso, Sherly De Young, and Purnama E. D. Tedjokoesoemo, published in 2018.This study aims to produce a risk identification and level of vulnerability from the threat of a criminal act in residence using the CPTED concept.Besides aiming to produce identification of risks and levels of vulnerability to criminal acts, it also has a solution based on facts on the ground (Equatora, 2020).
The research entitled "Evaluation of the Implementation of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in the Design of Underground Parking Areas for High-rise Buildings" was written by Aulia Malik Affif from the University of North Sumatra in 2020.This research focuses on an underground parking object to assess whether the parking building is in accordance with the CPTED concept and provides recommendations for parking designs that are in accordance with CPTED to prevent the potential for a crime that can harm and endanger human life (Abbott et al., 2020).

Methodology
In this research, the writer used a descriptive qualitative approach.The researcher tried to find data and facts at the research location and present the results of the calculation analysis not in numbers but in the form of a narrative consisting of paragraphs obtained from the results of interviews (Woodall, 2013), observations (Supiano et al., 2014), and reading various research literacy in the same field Aminah, S., & Roikan 2019), as material for optimizing security at the Purwokerto Prison from violating the rules of conduct for convicts through the CPTED concept.This study uses a case study strategy.The case study conducted by the researcher at this time seeks to obtain information about events related to violations of the rules often carried out by convicts (Nugrahani, 2014)(Muhammad Kashif et al., 2020).This information determined how to optimize the CPTED concept for security at Purwokerto Prison.These results can be used for consideration of security strategies in Purwokerto Prison so as to create a safe and orderly situation (Harris, 2014) (Jarodi, 2023).

Results and Discussion
Researchers looking for data and facts in the field began when carrying out internship activities on 7 June 2021 to 14 August 2021 by observing the Purwokerto Prison building in terms of security, starting from the front door of the prison to the inmates' residential blocks and environment around the prison.In addition to observation, researchers also conducted interviews with officers and prisoners directly.During the search for field data, the authors found several phenomena related to the theme of this research, namely the security strategy using the CPTED concept (Santoso, 2023).
Purwokerto Prison is a prison-building model that complies with design standards based on the Decree of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia Number: M.01.PL.01.01 of 2003 concerning the Building Pattern of the Correctional Technical Implementation Unit so that when viewed from the forms of the building it is modern it is no longer like a prison or bunker from the Dutch colonial era and has security equipment and equipment that tends to be complete.However, apart from the physical form of the building as well as the equipment and security equipment that is available, it is surprising that based on the source of the SDP (System Database Corrections) Purwokerto Prison, the number of convicts who violated the rules and was recorded in Register F throughout 2020 until August 2021 amounted to 115 people.For example, committing acts of physical violence, debts, attempted smuggling, consumption, the distribution of illegal drugs in prisons and other violations (Kurniawan, 2023).
In an effort to transition from the red zone to the green zone at Purwokerto prison, the authors focus on implementing a security strategy based on the CPTED concept.Talking about security strategies to prevent convict violations, the following are some of the preventive efforts made by the Purwokerto Prison in terms of the CPTED concept approach (Sudiadi & Runturambi, 2011; Moffat, 1983): Territoriallity The territorial assertion in a building is an important thing, especially in prison buildings, because it is a place to foster lawbreakers.The territorial assertion is also about how to foster a sense of ownership of a certain area so as to create a sense of belonging, caring for each other, and looking after each other among residents of the area.It is this mutual respect that narrows down the occurrence of crimes or, in this case, the violations of convicts.It is this sense of mutual care that will prevent potential convicts from violating in the residential area because when one of them is about to violate it, there will definitely be bad feelings for the other occupants because they also really only want to create comfort and tranquillity in the room/residential block so that in carrying out their daily activities uninterrupted day.

b.
Surveillance Supervision is very basic in the security system of an area, especially in prison buildings.An appropriate surveillance scheme is needed so that it can prevent acts of violation in a place that is hidden and has minimal supervision or blind spots.To overcome the blind spot areas, Purwokerto Prison is equipped with CCTV to enhance the surveillance function.The number of CCTV installed in all areas of Purwokerto Prison is 32 cameras, where each camera has been connected to a monitor located in the Ka KPLP room and the Karupam Post room.

c.
Access Control Access control in the CPTED concept means limiting one area to another.This aims to find out and monitor who is allowed to pass through a protected/private/sterile area.Of course, in prison buildings, this is commonplace, especially to limit the outside world and the world inside the prison.In implementing the access control aspect at the Purwokerto prison, an attachment can also be found at Portir.The attachment is in the form of a step barrier which functions like a speed bump or speed trap.The function of the speedtrap attachment is to reduce the speed of anyone who passes the porter so that if there is an attempt to break through the porter, you have to reduce speed to get past the speedtrap and increase the chance for officers to catch it (Equatora & Rahayu, 2018).

d.
Target Hardening Target protection in the CPTED concept is an environmental engineering effort to deter someone from committing a crime.The purpose of target protection is to narrow the opportunity for someone to violate the law so that the potential perpetrator of the action discourages him.Some of the efforts made were searches, straft cells, guardrails and spotlights.

e. Image and Management
Basically, the Image and Management aspect of the CPTED concept creates an environment as if many people are protecting it by taking care of the area.However, without the supervision of officers, it will not be effective, so supervision from security officers is also needed.

f. Activity Support
It can also be interpreted as additional activities that support surveillance activities in an area that is not covered or has minimal supervision from security officers.Therefore, Purwokerto Prison created a supporting activity in the form of processing branggang land by turning it into plantations and livestock areas.The addition of these supporting activities aims for areas that are prone to violations of the rules to be filled by many people who carry out activities so that these people indirectly carry out supervision (Equatora & Rahayu, 2019b).
It can also be interpreted as additional activities that support surveillance activities in an area that is not covered or has minimal supervision from security officers.Therefore, Purwokerto Prison created a supporting activity in the form of processing branggang land by turning it into plantations and livestock areas.The addition of these supporting activities aims for areas that are prone to violations of the rules to be filled by many people who carry out activities so that these people indirectly carry out supervision.

Obstacles in the Application of the CPTED Concept in Purwokerto Prison
Obstacles are commonplace; obstacles will hinder us from achieving a goal.But obstacles also have a positive side.With constraints, we can find out which ones are still lacking in us.Especially in organizational activities, when we want to achieve an organizational goal, we start from the beginning (planning).Of course, on the way to that goal, there are always obstacles that accompany it.The following are some of the obstacles or problems in implementing a security strategy, as seen from the CPTED concept encountered by the author when carrying out research at the Purwokerto Prison: a) Human Resources Human Resources is a group of people who work together in a group or organization, which is used as the driving wheel of the organization in every stage of management functions and influences each other to accelerate the pace of achieving organizational goals.Researchers divided the two obstacles in implementing the CPTED concept that came from existing human resource problems, namely the number of guard members and the competence of guard members.

b) Differences in Theory and Practice in the Field
In carrying out the theory, it also depends on the situation and conditions in the field.The theory will not be idealistically applied in the field because the conditions in the field do not necessarily support the existing theory.Therefore, the application of theory in the field must also be flexible depending on the situation and conditions.

c) Unequal Development
Based on the findings of the researchers, it turns out that not all prisoners in the Purwokerto Penitentiary receive coaching because they are hampered by the capacity of the existing coaching program.Providing a busy life for convicts is an environmental engineering implementation of the Activity Support aspect of the CPTED concept.

d) Geographical location
In this obstacle, the author focuses on cases of throwing illegal items from outside the prison building.Purwokerto Prison is located between a main road and residential areas, so this illegal practice often occurs.

e) CCTV ineffectiveness
Of all the CCTVs, it turned out that there were several cameras that were not connected to the monitor due to damage.The damage resulted in an unsupervised blind spot.

f) Readable Officer Routine Patterns
The duty officer's activities are carrying out guard activities which include supervision, mobile control, and so on, which are carried out every day and keep repeating so that inmates can read the officers' routine patterns.This allows inmates to know the officers' vulnerable moments and the weaknesses of each officer.

Conclusion
The author concludes that the application of the CPTED concept in Purwokerto prison has been largely implemented.Much has been done to optimize the functions of the CPTED concept, and there have also been a number of constraints, as follows: a. Judging from the aspect of territoriality, it is considered good, namely, the division of occupant groups in each block so that residents have a sense of ownership of the dwelling for them to maintain its condition, boundary fences between blocks so that it serves as a differentiator between the special areas of the occupants of the block and areas for assimilation all occupants, as well as the installation of sterile area banners to emphasize that the area is a sterile area from violations.b.From the surveillance aspect, the installation of CCTV is not optimal because there are still CCTV cameras that are not connected to the monitor screen, and there are still deficiencies in the placement of CCTV location points.However, other monitoring activities, such as moving the Karupam Post to a more strategic location, building and activating the Deputy Karupam Post, as well as mobile control, have been good.c.The next aspect is that access control has been implemented properly in the form of access restrictions divided into four areas, including public areas, semi-public areas, semi-private areas, and private areas.In essence, the division of the area is to limit which access can be passed by the outside community and access which can be passed by convicts.Also, the addition of an attachment in the form of a speedtrap at the Porter can increase the likelihood of officers making arrests if an escape attempt occurs through the Porter.
d.In the target hardening aspect, namely the prison's efforts to or narrow the opportunities for convicts to commit violations, such as placing officers in available guard posts, although weaknesses are still found such as a lack of members so that the Tower Post is not filled with duty officers, then carrying out routine inspections of residential rooms, giving a spooky feel to the straff cell in the form of red painting on the door, and the architectural pattern of the perimeter wall building at the Purwokerto prison which is difficult to climb, as well as adding spotlights to the field area which is quite effective in narrowing the opportunities for convicts to violate the rules.e. Viewed from the aspect of image and management, Purwokerto prison has provided efforts to maintain prison buildings, especially the areas where convicts live, such as painting walls, fogging mosquitoes, spraying disinfectants, and there is also a schedule for distributing cleaning pickets and compulsory community service on Sundays for the sake of sustainability, cleanliness and comfort of the environment so as to enhance the positive image of the convicts' residential environment.
f.The last aspect, namely activity support, is the addition of activity in areas of blind spots or prone to violations.
Provision of activity support is implemented in the "branggang area", where illegal goods are often found being thrown so that the branggang area is used for plantations and livestock.In addition, activity support is carried out in block areas such as building parks, providing sports facilities and information facilities in the form of TV media.To shift the focus on the treatment of violations of the Purwokerto prison rules, it has provided various activities such as fostering independence, personality and other activities, but there are still limitations due to the number.g.There are still weaknesses in the human resources for duty officers who do not know about the security and safety strategy through environmental engineering or CPTED.h.There is a clash between the theoretical concept and the real situation in the field, which creates an obstacle in optimizing the Kamtib strategy using the CPTED concept.
i.The geographical location of the prison building, flanked by public roads and local residential areas, has the potential for threats to security and order from outside the prison.j.Officer routine patterns that prisoners can read for mapping in committing an offence.