The Adaptation Strategies Capacity of Cocoa Farmers in Facing Climate Change toward Sustainable Cocoa Farming in Bantaeng Regency

The aim of this study is to examine cocoa farmers' capacity to adapt to climate change in the Bantaeng district. This is a research study including qualitative-descriptive data analysis. This is a way of analyzing research data in order to arrive at a conclusion. Qualitative analysis is used to describe and characterize cocoa farming, as well as to analyze cocoa farmers' adaptation strategies in the research region. The findings indicated that cocoa farmers in Bantaeng, Gantarangkeke, and Tompobulu districts adapted by substituting coffee, cloves, and porang plants for their cocoa plants, but only in the Tompobulu region, where the plants had already matured. Cocoa plants are nearing the end of their useful lives.

Cocoa is an agricultural product from Indonesia that has the potential to considerably contribute to the country's foreign exchange profits [Rifin, 2013]. Indonesian cocoa is ranked third globally, behind Gading Beach and Ghana [Emelda, 2014]. This is supported by Indonesia's continued abundance of cocoa-growing area, manpower, and knowledge [Rifin, 2013]. It is hardly hyperbole to assert that this potential may be developed further [Wardhany, 2018]. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is a potential foreign exchange earner, and local demand is increasing as the cocoa bean processing sector expands [Fahmid, 2018]. Cocoa culture begins with the production of high-quality cocoa seeds, which are created by the use of high-quality seeds from desirable varieties and suitable cultivation practices, one of which is composting cocoa pods [Yoseva, 2018]. Cocoa is a staple crop on Indonesian plantations and makes a sizable contribution to the country's economy. Cocoa fields in Indonesia spanned 1,700,351 hectares and produced 656,817 tons of cocoa in 2017 [BPS, 2017].
South Sulawesi Province's economy has remained reasonably active in Eastern Indonesia to date [Lamba, 2019]. Additionally, South Sulawesi Province has benefited from the completeness of facilities and infrastructure, as well as robust supporting infrastructure, the availability of potential and opportunities that are ready to be exploited, and the degree of support and devotion of the local government. Along with a fall in productivity, this environmental shift has an indirect effect on farmers' socioeconomic circumstances, since the majority of cocoa farmers predict raising their agricultural enterprises' maintenance costs as revenue declines [Fatchiya, 2018]. As a result of these challenges, adaptive methods are necessary to solve them. Adaptive initiatives are a sort of reaction that finds novel approaches to the phenomena of climate change in order to address agricultural challenges [Winarto, 2013]. Farmers are adaptive owing to their expertise in agricultural management, and they are devoted to their farming enterprise's economic, social, and environmental sustainability [Fatchiya, 2010].
It is vital to understand the internal and environmental factors that impact farmers' adaptive ability for resolving their farming problems in light of these difficulties. Cocoa plants are evaluated for their adaptive ability in order to determine their level of potential or desire to embrace critical technology in response to commodities and geographical variables brought to them, both technically and managerially. As a result, a plan for enhancing cocoa farmers' ability to adapt to climate change is necessary for the long-term viability of cocoa production. As a result of this context, the purpose of this study is to characterize cocoa producers' potential for adapting to climate change in Bantaeng Regency. As a result of this context, the purpose of this study is to describe the capacity of cocoa farmers in the Bantaeng Regency to adapt to climate change.

Methods of Research
This research will take place in the Gantarangkeke Subdistrict of Gantarangkeke Village and Tompobulu of Patalassang Village, both located on the island of Sulawesi in the Bantaeng Regency. The research site was chosen precisely because it is located in the heart of South Sulawesi's chocolate-producing industry. The purpose of this study is to describe cocoa producers' adaptability capabilities to the phenomena of climate change in Bantaeng Regency using data analytic approaches, specifically a qualitative approach.
Qualitative research is more process-oriented and does not require quantitative analysis; qualitative research is also assessed on the basis of its quality, intensity, and frequency. Qualitative research stresses the social construction of reality, the researcher's close relationship with the topic under inquiry, and the constraints imposed by the setting (Prokopy, 2011).
The nature of this study is qualitative-descriptive. The analytical methodology is a technique for examining research data in order to arrive at a conclusion. Qualitative analysis is used to describe and characterize cocoa farming, as well as to analyze cocoa farmers' adaptation strategies in the research region.
Following the interview, the researcher generated an interview transcript by replaying the audio and scribbling the terms that corresponded to what was recorded. Following the transcription of the interviews, the researchers conducted data reduction by abstraction, which comprises selecting material that is pertinent to the research issue and removing irrelevant data.

Results and Discussion
Adaptation to climate change in agriculture refers to a shift in cultivation techniques in response to actual or expected changes in the production system's climatic environment. This shift may be spontaneous (e.g., migration during periods of severe drought) or deliberate (e.g., adoption of a drought-tolerant variety) [Füssel, 2017]. Adaption is usually associated with a cost, for example, in its simplest form, adaptation necessitates financial expenditures on physical infrastructure. Additionally, the work necessary to plan and implement a change in habits comes at the opportunity cost of not being able to devote the time to alternative activities [Bunn, 2017]. As a result, adaptation to climate change is frequently viewed as expensive, while inactivity is considered to be cheap. This contradicts the widespread belief that climate change is becoming a reality and that expected changes would have a large detrimental impact on cocoa output. Thus, cost-effective adaptation is a critical problem for the sector [Hansen, 2012].
The impact of climate change on the macroeconomic (macroeconomic) system may be viewed from both supply and demand perspectives [Tol, 2009]. However, the aggregate impact is determined by the supply side. Due to the fact that climate change may be viewed as a series of long-term and possibly sudden shocks to the supply chain [Dahlmann, 2019]. The capacity of cocoa farmers to adapt to climate change is defined by their ability to deal with the potential consequences of climate change on their social and economic situations.
According to the research on annual crop producers in underdeveloped nations, they are among the most vulnerable to climaterelated hazards. Crop failures caused by climate-related hazards can have a detrimental effect on farmers' income, health, and livelihood [Meze-Hausken, 2008]. Vulnerability is a result of a lack of or insufficient adaptation capability, which is frequently the outcome of widespread poverty and an overdependence on rainfed agriculture [Atinkut, 2016]. Farmers with a limited capacity for adaptation are frequently unable to recover from production and revenue losses associated with risk exposure [Castells-Quintana, 2016]. Thus, it is critical to understand farmers' adaptation options and challenges to adaptation within their socioeconomic environment in order to better future climate change adaptation programs [48]. However, little study has been conducted to ascertain how households with varying socioeconomic backgrounds perceive climate change [Adu, 2018].
South Sulawesi province, notably the Bantaeng district, as well as the northern and eastern Luwu districts, is a major producer of cocoa in Indonesia. Indonesia, the third-largest producer of cocoa in the world after the Ivory Coast and Ghana, has been impacted by climate change [Ndamani, 2015]. This crisis was precipitated by the decline in cocoa plants caused by PBK (Cocoa Fruit Borer) insect infestations, which severely reduced cocoa output. Cocoa is a very weather-dependent product. Climate change, which results in year-round rain or a prolonged dry season, along with a lack of upkeep, exposes cocoa trees to pests and diseases. Gardens, which are defined by mature plants (>25 years), a population of less than 300 trees per hectare, and a low rate of productivity, have been seriously impacted. 500 kg per hectare Climate change is a global issue that demands regional adaptation solutions [Pelling, 2005].
Adaptive capacity has the capability to shift the system's position on the surface of high susceptibility to a lower degree of vulnerability by lowering sensitivity or exposure [Gallopín, 2006]. Due to the fact that high adaptive capacity may reduce vulnerability from a high to a low level, if a system's adaptive capacity is insufficient, it will have a high degree of vulnerability [Luers, 2005].
The ability of the overall human system to adapt to changing selection pressures such as climate change (including extreme climatic variability) is characterized as adaptive capacity [Engle, 2011]. Climate change happens as a result of policies, procedures, or structures aimed at mitigating or eliminating potential damage, capitalizing on current possibilities, or mitigating their consequences. Hogarth & Wójcik (2016) discovered that a progressive method of assessing adaptive ability had a greater influence on transformation. Socioeconomic influences, technological advancements, infrastructural development, and government laws all have an effect on an individual's adaptive potential [Zhang, 2016].
Adaptation strategies are described as patterns of varied efforts organized by people in order to fulfill the bare necessities and address challenges. Farmers postpone rice planting as one of their adaptation tactics in response to climate change. This planting

The Adaptation Strategies Capacity of Cocoa Farmers in facing Climate Change toward Sustainable Cocoa Farming in Bantaeng Regency
Page | 10 time must be postponed with the consent of the local farmer group leader [Rahma, 2019]. Individuals' adaptation capacity is defined as their self-awareness of their potential to adjust to changes, starting with their perception and self-efficacy of all the effects of the changes they experience and utilizing all of their potential capacities to adapt to these changes. Adapt as a reactive adaptation after the influence on the social, economic, and ecosystem environment has been noticed. In order to apply innovation, it requires a process of adopting ideas, practices, or objects in a learning process of behavior modification (adaptation process) [Amfo, 2020].
Agricultural adaptation entails two distinct forms of system adaptation. The first is greater diversity, which entails engaging in drought-tolerant and/or temperature-stress-resistant producing activities, as well as activities that make optimal use of and maximize the benefits of prevailing water and temperature circumstances, among other aspects. Diversification of crops in the cocoa and non-cocoa subsectors helps protect against rainfall unpredictability, as various crops are impacted differently by climatic events. The second strategy focuses on crop management practices aimed at avoiding critical crop growth stages coinciding with extremely harsh climate conditions such as mid-season droughts. Crop management practices that can be used include adjusting the length of the growing season and altering planting and harvesting dates [Afriyie-Kraft, 2020].
Adapting to changing climatic circumstances requires maximal capability from both internal and external farmers, both of whom are impacted significantly by their social identity histories. Emphasis on how individual farmers respond to climate change via selfefficacy in utilizing all capacities. Farmers' capability is in critical need of an extension approach that begins with climate change adaptation knowledge, attitudes, and skills so that they can collaborate on developing a strategy.
Cocoa farmers in Bantaeng District, Gantarangkeke District, and Tompobulu District have adapted by switching coffee, cloves, and porang plants for their cocoa plants, but only in the Tompobulu region, since the plants in Tompobulu District are no longer fruitful for cocoa plant development.

Conclusion
Adaptation strategies are defined as patterns of disparate efforts made by individuals in order to meet basic needs and overcome obstacles. One of the difficulties farmers in Bantaeng encounter is the effect of climate change. The adaptation strategy of cocoa farmers in Bantaeng District, Gantarangkeke District, and Tompobulu District is substituting coffee, cloves, and porang plants for their cocoa plants, but only in the Tompobulu area, as the plants in Tompobulu District have reached an age where they are no longer productive for cocoa plant growth.