Effects of decreasing and increasing group IA cations in the body

Abstract

Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are essential electrolytes that play critical roles in maintaining fluid balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and enzymatic function. Alterations in their serum concentrations, manifesting as hypo- or hypernatremia and hypokalemia or hyperkalemia, can lead to serious clinical outcomes, including cardiac arrhythmias, neuromuscular disturbances, and renal dysfunction. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the normal physiological roles of these ions, the clinical features and causes of their imbalances, and the intricate regulatory mechanisms that govern their homeostasis. Special attention is given to conditions where multiple electrolyte disorders co-exist, such as in renal insufficiency, gastrointestinal fluid losses, and adverse drug reactions. By focusing on sodium and potassium, this article underscores the foundational role these cations play in electrolyte regulation and highlights their central importance to maintaining human health.