International Journal of Law and Politics Studies
The International Journal of Law and Politics Studies (ISSN: 2709-0914) is a monthly, peer-reviewed scholarly journal that aims to provide a platform for academics, researchers, and practitioners to share original research, critical analyses, and innovative perspectives in the fields of law and political science. The journal covers a wide scope, including but not limited to constitutional law, international law, human rights, comparative politics, public policy, governance, and contemporary political issues from global and regional contexts. Its mission is to foster academic dialogue, encourage interdisciplinary approaches, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in both legal and political studies. The International Journal of Law and Politics Studies is published online only, ensuring broad accessibility and timely dissemination of high-quality research to a worldwide readership.
Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Foreign Policy and International Security
Drawing on the annual analyses and conclusions of the Aspen Strategy Group (which includes former officials, scientists, businesspeople and journalists), then, from the 2023 AI Security Summit at Bletchley Park, the European Union Artificial Intelligence Law (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689)) as well as the 2025 AI Action Summit held in Paris, this analytical research structures a concise critical review of the impact of artificial technology (AI) on global politics and international security. Public discourse on the effects of AI has mainly focused on the fear of it surpassing human intelligence and getting out of control, as well as on the concern that new intelligent machines will replace humans in every aspect of life, from driving cars to diagnosing diseases, etc. However, AI will also have a significant impact on future global politics. It will allow governments to embrace the digital world, providing an alternative to open political systems. In just a few weeks since its release, ChatGPT3 has already gained 100 million monthly users, while chatbots that have become the main topic of conversation are just the tip of the iceberg. Artificial intelligence that creates text, speech, art and videos is advancing rapidly, with far-reaching consequences for governments, commerce and civic life. It is no wonder that there is a serious influx of capital in this sector, that is, both governments and companies are investing in startups to develop and apply the latest machine learning tools. These new applications will combine historical data with machine learning, natural language processing and deep learning to determine the probability of future events. This progress is already hinting at new reshaping of government policies, from which policies are already generating new foreign policies with new geopolitical structuring in the international political and security plan.
Foreign Policy; International Security; Artificial Technology; Artificial Intelligence;
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Law and Politics Studies
Implementation of The Sustainable Palm Oil Plantation Policy In Bungo Regency Jambi Province
The palm oil plantation sector is a strategic contributor to the economy of Bungo Regency, Jambi Province. However, amid increasing global and national demands for environmental sustainability, the implementation of sustainable palm oil policies continues to face various challenges. This study aims to analyze the implementation of sustainable palm oil policy in Bungo Regency, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and formulate a more adaptive and collaborative implementation model. The research employs a qualitative approach with data collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis. The data were analyzed descriptively through stages of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The research findings indicate that: 1) the implementation of the policy has not been optimal across several dimensions: a. Standards and objectives, the policy is not fully understood by local implementers due to the absence of derivative technical regulations; b. Policy resources, face constraints in terms of limited human resources and budget allocation; c. Implementing organizations remain unintegrated and operate in sectoral silos; d. Inter-organizational communication is weak, predominantly top-down and instructional; e. Implementers' attitudes are marked by conflicts of interest; f. Socio-economic and political conditions tend to prioritize short-term economic interests over sustainability principles; 2) Supporting factors include the presence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), increasing environmental awareness, and normative support from the central and provincial governments. Inhibiting factors include the absence of local regulations, limited budget and technical capacity, weak coordination, lack of political commitment at the local level, and dominance of local elite interests; 3) The study proposes a policy implementation model adapted from Meter and Horn (1975), incorporating additional dimensions of collaboration and oversight, as well as an enhanced ecological aspect. This model is expected to strengthen cross-actor synergy, promote long-term sustainability, and ensure accountability in the governance of sustainable palm oil policies at the regional level.
Policy Implementation, Sustainable Palm Oil, Bungo Regency
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Protecting Lives and Properties against Calamities: The Experiences of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Personnel
Disaster risk management refers to the application of plans and procedures for reducing disaster risk to prevent new disaster risks, minimize current disaster risk, and manage residual risk. This process helps to reduce disaster losses and increase resilience (Disaster Risk Management | UNDRR, 2007). This study explored the experiences of disaster risk reduction and management personnel through a qualitative research method. The participants of this study were the ten (10) participants chosen from the five (5) DRRM sectors in the municipalities of the Province of Guimaras. All participants were subjected to individual in-depth interviews. The findings of this study are described in emergent themes. Four (4) emergent themes described the positive and negative experiences of the participants in the implementation of disaster risk reduction and management programs. For the positive experiences, two (2) emergent themes were developed, namely: Empowering Community Resilience and Satisfaction of Effective Crisis Response. For the negative experiences, two (2) emergent themes were also developed, namely: Hurdles in Promoting Public Compliance and Inadequate Resources and Manpower Constraints. Meanwhile, two (2) emergent themes were formulated to explain how the participants address the challenges encountered in the implementation of disaster risk reduction and management programs, namely: Collaborative Partnerships for Resource Management and Capacity Building through Continuous Training. Finally, two (2) emergent themes were created to express the Aspirations of the Participants to Improve the Quality of Service, namely: Institutional Support and Resource Sustainability and Fostering Proactive Community Engagement. Based on the emergent themes identified, it is advised that the DRRM personnel be provided with consistent resource management and community engagement training to enhance their ability to address constraints more effectively and promote a proactive stance on disaster risk reduction.
DRRMC, Disaster Risk Reduction Management, Community-based Disaster Management, Phenomenology, Guimaras, Philippines
Bridging Theory and Practice: Delving into the Lived Realities of Local Chief Executives on Peace and Order Program Implementation
There have been no researches that shed light on the lived realities surrounding peace and order program implementation viewing from the lens of local chief executives. Researches in this area are predominantly quantitative and does not explicitly demonstrate the vividness of any experience. Hence, hinging on transcendental phenomenological approach, this study was conducted with the aim of uncovering the complexities and mechanisms underlying the peace and order program implementation. Ten mayors from various cities and municipalities in Negros Island Region, Philippines, were interviewed using purposive sampling technique and data were analyzed through Colaizzi`s method. Findings revealed that peace and order program implementation contributed to the forged alliances in the pursuit of peace and order, and consequently ameliorated safety and security within the society. However, the implementation thereof was described to be shackled by the scarcity of resources and was hampered by the misfortunes of clientelism, forcing local chief executives to resort to methodical priority-based tactic. Political culture, therefore, played a role in the implementation of the Local Government Units` implementation of the peace and order program. Nevertheless, participants described government-communal relation as a potent weapon against criminality. For better program execution, participants yearned for national legislated financial appropriation. This study recommends for international and national peace and order-related benchmarking, upgrading of peace and order-related equipment and technology, continuous training of local chief executives in public safety, crises management and community engagement, and for the augmentation of funds of the Peace and Order Council through a national legislative act.
Actor–Structure Reproduction of Drug Abuse: A Critical Sociological Study in Barru District, Indonesia
Substance misuse continues to be a pervasive and intricate social problem in Indonesia, impacting both urban and rural populations. In Barru District, South Sulawesi, despite robust communal and religious principles, drug-related offenses have escalated to alarming proportions, with 80% of local prison inmates imprisoned for drug-related offenses. This paradox underscores the need for a more comprehensive understanding that transcends both biological and criminological methodologies. Although prior research frequently emphasizes individual behavior or public health consequences, limited studies have investigated the structural and cultural reasons that perpetuate drug misuse within cohesive communities. This study critically examines the actor-structure dynamics that perpetuate drug-related practices in Barru District. The study employs qualitative approaches, including interviews, observations, and document analysis, to explore the interactions among users, local networks, institutional deficiencies, and cultural legitimization. The findings indicate four principal conclusions: the normalization of drug consumption in daily life; robust user-dealer micro-networks; institutional facilitators like discrepancies in law enforcement and inadequate rehabilitation; and the symbolic authority that legitimizes deviant behavior. These dynamics illustrate a dual process of reproduction, grounded in both agency and structure. The report advocates for a reevaluation of drug policy via community-oriented, culturally relevant interventions and systemic transformation. Subsequent studies ought to incorporate indigenous knowledge and participatory frameworks to facilitate sustainable transformation.
The Philosophy of Freedom and Its Limitations in a Democratic Legal System
This article investigates the philosophical foundations of freedom and its legal limitations within a democratic legal system, focusing on the perspectives of Hans Kelsen, Hugo Grotius, and the Indonesian model of Pancasila democracy. The study addresses the central question: how can freedom be preserved while lawfully restricted in a manner that respects justice and democratic values? This research draws on primary legal materials, judicial decisions, and philosophical theories by employing a normative juridical method combined with philosophical and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal that while freedom is a core value of democracy, it must be exercised with responsibility and within the framework of proportionate legal constraints to ensure social harmony and protect the rights of others. Kelsen's theory underscores participatory lawmaking as a compromise between majority and minority interests. Grotius insists on the rational and moral basis of law that safeguards inalienable human rights. The Indonesian context, through Pancasila democracy, offers a unique model that integrates individual liberty with communal values such as deliberation (musyawarah) and cooperation (gotong royong). The article concludes that legal systems must balance individual autonomy and collective well-being through a just, rational, and culturally grounded framework of law.
Legal Philosophy, Democracy, Freedom, Legal Limitations, Human Rights, Pancasila Democracy
Beyond Troubled Childhood: Lived Experiences of Former Children in Conflict with the Law
Crime does not discriminate, and criminals are not solely represented by a single set of characteristics. It is delicate while at the same time inevitably controversial to shed light on the circumstances of young people being entangled in the justice system for having committed an offense. It is the responsibility of the criminal justice system to safeguard their interests and encourage their reintegration into society. This study explored the lived experiences of Former Children in Conflict with the Law using transcendental phenomenology. The informants of this study were ten (10) Former CICL’s throughout the Province of Negros Occidental who were subjected to individual in-depth interview and focused group discussion. Four (4) emergent themes described the positive and negative experiences of the informants as CICLs during their rehabilitation. For the positive experiences, two (2) themes were developed, namely: The Prodigal Son is Home: Former CICLs’ Change of Heart and The Reformation of a Lost Soul: The Rehabilitation Programs in the Center. For the negative experiences, two (2) themes were formulated, namely: Disheartening Encounters with the Juvenile Justice and Welfare System in the Philippines and A Long Road Home: Challenges of the Former CICLs. As to the Coping of the Informants with the Challenges during Rehabilitation two (2) themes were created, namely: Entertainment, Companionship and Prayer, and Heaven Sent: The Kindness of a Rescuer. For the impact of the rehabilitation process, three (3) themes were formulated, to wit: Liberation: Reintegration to into the Community, Agent for Change to Fellow CICLs, and Padayon: Leaving Behind the Troubled with the Fruits of Transformation.
Former Children in Conflict with the Law, Juvenile Justice and Welfare System, Rehabilitation, Reformation and Republic Act No. 9344
The Responsibility of the Administration for the Execution of Administrative Contracts Under the Fluctuating Economic and Political Conditions in Iraq and Egypt: A Comparative Study
The research aims to shed light on the role of management responsibility in implementing administrative contracts in an unstable environment, explore the extent to which these contracts are affected by economic and political determinants, and compare the Iraqi and Egyptian experiences. The research relies on a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach the study concluded that administrative contracts represent an effective means of achieving the public interest and managing it in an organized manner. They enable the administration to manage public facilities and ensure the efficient and continuous provision of essential services to the community. Iraqi law is more flexible in amending obligations affected by emergency circumstances, while Egyptian law imposes additional restrictions to ensure that this theory is not exploited to exempt from liability without a clear legal justification the study also recommends developing legal frameworks for administrative contracts to enable management to amend contracts in response to economic and political changes, ensuring the continuity of project implementation without disruption.
Management responsibility, administrative contracts, volatile economic and political conditions
The Emirati Approach to Addressing Legal Lacunae: A Model of Innovation and Agility
This article explores how the United Arab Emirates (UAE) proactively addresses legal lacunae through a unique combination of legislative foresight, technological integration, and legal pluralism. It analyses the UAE's civil law-based federal structure, the role of artificial intelligence in regulatory design, and the strategic use of common law in financial free zones. Case studies on digital assets, AI governance, and green technologies illustrate how the UAE transforms legal gaps into competitive advantages. The paper concludes by positioning the Emirati model as a replicable framework for agile, future-ready legal systems in the globalized era.
Legal lacunae, UAE legal system, artificial intelligence, legal pluralism, DIFC, ADGM, virtual assets, VARA, regulatory innovation, civil law, common law, smart governance, digital economy,sustainable regulation.
From Consent to Coercion: The Quiet Rise of International Legislative Mandates
This article critiques the growing influence of international organizations and economic unions in shaping domestic legislation through supranational mandates. It explores how instruments like the IMF’s conditionalities, the OECD’s global tax framework, and the EU’s extraterritorial regulations compromise state sovereignty. Case studies from Kenya, Qatar, and the UAE illustrate how international obligations often reflect asymmetric power structures, leading to compliance under duress rather than genuine cooperation. The article argues for a restoration of subsidiarity and contextual equity to prevent the erosion of national legislative autonomy.
Supranational governance, legislative sovereignty, IMF conditionality, OECD global tax, EU regulation, regulatory overreach, ESG compliance, extraterritoriality, international law, fiscal sovereignty, compliance trap, global governance, economic unions, state autonomy, subsidiarity.
Invisible Disability Discrimination in Comparative Law: An Assessment of Mrs J Williams V Newport City Council (2023) EAT 136 in United Kingdom Labour Law
Disability is defined as a deficiency in an individual's physical, mental, or sensory abilities, whether congenital or acquired. Disability can be temporary or permanent. Some health conditions of individuals with disabilities are visible and predictable. Orthopedic disabilities, limb loss, or postural and movement disorders are examples of such visible disabilities. Apart from these noticeable and recognizable disabilities, the existence of invisible (hidden) disabilities is also acknowledged. These types of disabilities are referred to as "invisible" because the health condition is not easily detectable, and in some cases, the individual may not even be aware of their disability due to the nature of their health condition. In the workplace disability-including invisible disability-can be a ground for discrimination. Individuals with disabilities, particularly those with invisible disabilities, may face discrimination in job applications, performance evaluations during employment, or even at the termination of employment, due to the lack of reasonable accommodations. The subject of this study is the decision in the case of Mrs. J Williams v Newport City Council: [2023] EAT 136 and its evaluation within the scope of disability, invisible disability, and discrimination in UK employment law, as well as a comparison with Turkish employment law.
Disability, Invisible Disability, Hidden Disability, Discrimination, Reasonable Accommodation
The Legal Protection of "Silk Road E-commerce": Challenges, Approaches, and Solutions
The legal protection of "Silk Road E-commerce" faces challenges at both the institutional and governance levels. At the institutional level, the ambiguity of legislative content and the effectiveness of rules hinder the practical implementation of various regulations for "Silk Road E-commerce." At the governance level, the polarization of three factors—governance capacity among nations, resolution of judicial disputes, and regulatory philosophies—complicates international legal cooperation for "Silk Road E-commerce." The legal protection of "Silk Road E-commerce" should be centered on mutual trust and openness, with self-respect and confidence as its foundation, fostering mutual trust and inclusiveness among states, industries, and consumers.In light of this, China should prioritize soft law governance mechanisms at the institutional level, adopt a rational approach toward Western standards, and scientifically balance the scope of mutual trust and openness to enhance the effectiveness of soft law governance. At the governance level, there should be a consensus on consumers' disadvantaged position, with improved judicial rules to lower the barriers for consumers to defend their rights. Additionally, promoting industry self-regulation and loosening regulatory sandbox restrictions can enhance the vitality and international appeal of "Silk Road E-commerce," ultimately transforming it into a global public good serving the world.
From Green to Growth: A Critical Assessment of Legal Frameworks and Environmental Consequences in the PIK 2 Project, Tangerang
The conversion of protected forests into production forests in the Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK) 2 project in Tangerang Regency raises significant legal and environmental implications. This study analyzes the legal aspects and environmental impacts of this policy using normative and empirical approaches. Legally, this land-use change is controversial due to the lack of involvement of key stakeholders and its potential violation of spatial planning regulations and good governance principles. Environmentally, the project threatens ecosystem balance, reduces biodiversity, and negatively impacts coastal communities that depend on natural resources in the area. Therefore, an in-depth and transparent assessment is necessary before making land-use conversion decisions. This study recommends a comprehensive evaluation involving public participation to ensure policies align with sustainable development principles and environmental justice.
land-use conversion, environmental law, ecosystem, sustainable development
The Fight Against Drug Menace: Experiences Of Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) Agents
This study delved into the experiences of Agents in the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. Thus, the Philippine government has waged a decades-long battle against illegal drugs. As the frontline in fighting againts drug menace this study sought answers to questions about the experiences and addressed the problems encountered and aspirations of the informants in the performance of their duties. The research employed a transcendental phenomenological research design. Furthermore, it involved ten (10) agents from Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Regional Office VIII, located at Government Center Palo, Leyte : six were subjected to a focused group discussion, and four were interviewed in depth. Interviews were conducted and recorded using a smartphone application, ensuring detailed and accurate transcriptions. They were selected through the purposive sampling method and utilized a validated interview guide. The gathered data were treated through the Thematic Analysis approach. The study identified eight themes : A Fruitful Encounter, Cleaning Up the Neighborhood, In the Line of Fire, Tough Row to Hoe, Turning Challenges into Stepping Stones, Joining Forces for a Common Cause, Building an Unbreakable Fortress and Laying the Foundation for Lasting Change. These themes highlighted the importance of the that PDEA agents face numerous challenges in their roles, yet they also encounter rewarding experiences. The key themes identified in the study include the significance of their work, the dangers they face, and their efforts to overcome obstacles and collaborate with other agencies and the community.
Criminological research, qualitative, Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, Agents, Palo, drugs
Analysis of the Implementation of Regional Regulation No. 14 of 2020 on the Management of Tourist Areas in Improving the Community Economy Based on Local Wisdom: Study at Way Panas Beach, Kalianda District, South Lampung Regency
The application of Regional Regulation Number 14 of 2020 about the Levy for Recreation and Sports Places in South Lampung Regency is examined in this study, with a focus on the Way Panas Beach tourism area. Based on local knowledge, this study attempts to assess how well area rules enhance the local economy. A qualitative approach is the research methodology employed, and data is gathered through documentation, interviews, and observation. Even though there are issues with infrastructure, community awareness, and oversight, the research findings indicate that the adoption of this rule has improved regional income and community welfare. In order to maximize the administration of tourism destinations based on local knowledge, this study suggests closer cooperation between local governments, communities, and the commercial sector.
Community Economy, Local Wisdom-Based Tourism, Regional Regulations, Tourism Management
Principles of Democratic Management in the Law on Agricultural Cooperatives: Limitations and Suggestions for Improvement
The article focuses on researching the principles of democratic management in Vietnamese cooperative law and on the basis of comparison with Vietnamese enterprise law and cooperative law in some typical countries. After the research process, the article concludes that the principle of democratic management in cooperative law has limitations such as: not ensuring members' property ownership rights, specifically the right to dispose of property. From there, making capital contributing members less cautious when making decisions related to the cooperative. At the same time, cooperatives are at risk of being manipulated from outside.
Exploring Afghanistan's Prospective Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
This article analyzes the prospects of Afghanistan's presence in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Given the increasing importance of this organization in regional and global dynamics, Afghanistan's effective involvement could play a key role in shaping regional economic, security, and political interactions. This research employs qualitative methods and the Delphi strategy to gather and analyze the views of experts and specialists in international politics, regional security, and economics. Data analysis was conducted using the grounded theory method in NVivo software, and the results, based on the Kendall formula, indicate a consensus among experts regarding the significance and challenges of Afghanistan's participation. The research findings suggest that Afghanistan, due to its geostrategic position, rich natural resources, and potential capacities, can serve as a bridge between Central, South, and West Asian countries, thereby strengthening economic and security cooperation within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. However, challenges such as internal instability, economic dependency, and geopolitical pressures from foreign powers pose serious obstacles to Afghanistan's active participation in the organization. According to content analysis, there is a consensus among experts that the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, if it enhances its support mechanisms, can provide a suitable platform for bolstering stability and development in Afghanistan. This endeavor requires multilateral cooperation and sustained support from the key members of the organization. The findings of this research can significantly assist policymakers and decision-makers in formulating effective strategies to enhance Afghanistan's role in this organization.
Afghanistan, China, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Opportunities, and Challenges
The Dynamism of the Structure and Mechanism of the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) System in Bangladesh for Dispute Resolution Outside the Formal Courts
This study aimed to investigate the dynamic nature of this hybrid system to serve society in contemporary Bangladesh's changing circumstances effectively. Through a content analysis of documents and literature, it was found that the system is quite dynamic and effective in terms of structure and mechanism. Over the years, it has expanded in terms of scope and institutions to cover resolutions of conflicts relating to not only family affairs but civil disputes and even selected criminal cases. It is now compulsory for civil disputes to be addressed first through ADR. The system is gaining popularity in the country. The various ADR institutions entertain a large and increasing number of disputes of both natures every year. In most cases, the rate of success in resolving the cases submitted to these institutions is as high as 88%. However, handling civil disputes through ADR has yet to become popular. The record shows that in four districts, only 2.2% of civil suits were disposed of through ADR during 2012 and 2014. It suggests that adequate efforts need to be made to make ADR popular in this respect as well.
ADR, Dispute Resolution, Dynamism, Mechanism, Proceedings, Hybrid
The Impact of Corruption on Bank Credit Risk in selected Sub-Saharan Africa
Corruption is one of societies' core ailments, impacting banks' performance. Corruption may impact lending practices and borrowers’ willingness to repay loans, impacting banks' credit risks. We examine the impact of corruption on banks' credit risks in Sub-Saharan Africa. We use panel data from 10 sub-Saharan African countries from 2012 to 2023. We apply panel data analysis to examine the impact of a battery of control variables on banks' credit risks. Our analysis confirms that control of corruption significantly reduces banks' credit risks. Our results have implications for policymakers who aim to reduce banking risks.
control of corruption, non-performing loans, sub-Saharan Africa
Give Change A Chance: Lived Experiences Of Moro Rebels Turned Public Servants
The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), formerly known as the New Moro National Liberation Front, is an Islamic separatist organization based in the southern Philippines. It seeks an independent Islamic state or autonomous region for the Filipino Muslim minority, known as the Moro people, who live primarily in the Philippines’ Mindanao region. The MILF is chiefly located in central Mindanao and is the Philippines’ largest separatist group; it is also considered the strongest group in Mindanao (Macasalong 2014). This study delved into the lived experiences of the Moro rebels turned public servants, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) through a qualitative research method. The informants of this study were the ten (10) former or surrendered members of the MNLF or MILF. All informants were subjected to an individual in-depth interview. The findings of this study are described in emergent themes. Seven (7) emergent themes described the positive and negative experiences of the informants as a former Moro rebels to becoming public servant. For the positive experiences, three (3) emergent themes were developed, namely Fulfillment in Serving the Community, Positive Impact on Community Peace, and Societal Recognition and Acceptance. For the negative experiences, four (4) emergent themes were also developed, to wit: Facing Social Judgment and Stigma, Struggling with the New Responsibilities, Adjusting to Bureaucracy and Conflict of Ideals, and Emotional Struggles in Role Transition. Meanwhile, two (2) emergent themes were formulated to explain how the informants address the challenges encountered in the performance of their duties as public servants, namely: Building New Networks and Relationships and Leveraging Past Experiences. Similarly, two (2) emergent themes were formulated to illustrate the strategies employed by the informants to address the problems encountered in the performance of their duties, namely: Seeking Guidance and Support and Emphasizing Communication and Collaboration. Finally, two (2) emergent themes were formulated to described the aspirations of the informants to improve the quality of the performance of their duties as public servants, namely: Enhancing Skills and Education and Improving Community Relations. Based on the emergent themes identified, it is necessary to assist the former Moro rebels in transitioning to civilian life to enhance their overall well-being. A reintegration support program can be implemented to provide vocational training to cultivate a sense of community, resilience, and hope.
Former Moro Rebels, MNLF, MILF, Phenomenology, BARMM, Philippines
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Law and Politics Studies
An Investigation of the Factors Contributing to the Subjugation of Rohingya in Myanmar
The severity and pervasiveness of the Rohingya problem in Myanmar have attracted international attention. This research investigates whether, in light of international legal and sociopolitical frameworks, the actions taken against the Rohingya community qualify as genocide, ethnic cleansing, or mass murder. It examines evidence of systemic violence, such as forced relocation, sexual assault, and mass executions, by analyzing reports from groups like the UN and Amnesty International. In order to ascertain if the requirements for genocidal intent are satisfied, the study assesses the legal definitions of these terms, paying special attention to the Genocide Convention. Important conclusions point to the existence of state-sponsored initiatives that target the Rohingya in an effort to eradicate their physical and cultural presence, based on their ethnic and religious identity. Although ethnic cleansing has been universally accepted, this study contends that, given the aim to completely or partially eradicate the group, the activities qualify as genocide. The international community's participation is also closely examined, especially its difficulties in successfully acting and prosecuting offenders. Because it affects international responses and accountability measures, this study highlights the significance of using precise terminology when discussing human rights emergencies. This report urges more robust international legal action to stop future atrocities and guarantee justice for the victims by properly classifying the Rohingya persecution. This analysis adds to the continuing discussion about how mass atrocities are classified and what it means for international law and policy.
Rohingya, Rakhaine, Myanmar, Perception, Minority, Justice
Copyright (c) 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Local Government of Bangladesh and its Institutions are Pivotal in the Empowerment and Involvement of Women in the Country
In every growing nation like Bangladesh, integrating women through gender-specific policies is a recognized need for attaining significant progress. However, this problem has only now come to light about policy changes in the administrative and local government spheres. Women now have a quota in grassroots democratic institutions in Bangladesh as a result of recent local government reform. Women's issues have come up from time to time in the local government context and were emphasized in the government reform agenda, as demonstrated by the 1997 Local Government Reform. The Local Government (Union Parishad) Amendment Act of 1997 was enacted as a result. It allocates three reserved seats to three directly elected female members of the Union Parishad. Nonetheless, there are significant gaps in gender parity in the reform agenda and governance policies. Union Parishad is the most popular democratic group in the area. Given the tight relationship between empowerment and participation, the status of women's engagement at this level is vital and merits particular consideration. This paper aims to trace the origin of local government institutions in Bangladesh, focusing on women's empowerment and development. It aims to guide researchers and update readers on legal developments in local government institutions. The research monograph uses the Qualitative Method, examining information from books, papers, websites, and laws. The National Library of Australia provides high-quality materials that blend description and analysis.
Local Government, women's empowerment, Gender parity, Governance policies
Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Liability of Business Actors for Environmental Pollution Related to Disposal of Waste Produced by Cattle Farms in Indonesia
The fulfilment of human needs cannot be separated from the contribution of the cattle farming sector. In addition to the benefits of cattle farming, this business also has adverse impacts on the environment in terms of environmental pollution and global warming due to the solid, liquid, and gas waste. However, it can be minimized through the proper processing and disposal of cattle farm waste in accordance with applicable regulations in Indonesia, including Law number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management (UUPPLH) and other regulations. This research aims to study the implementation of UUPPLH and the liability of cattle farming business actors who do not heed the regulations, leading to environmental pollution. This research used a normative research method with secondary data in the form of literature study and supported by primary data obtained from interview. The results of this research showed that the applicable regulations were in accordance with Gustav Radbruch's theory of legal objectives. Business actors were responsible for the pollution due to improper processing of cattle farm waste. The liabilities consisted of administrative, civil, and criminal liabilities. For civil liability, it was based on the Unlawful Acts (PMH) and the strict liability was determined in article 88 of UUPPLH. Therefore, business actors need to have self-awareness to carry out waste processing in accordance with regulations. Meanwhile, the government should take firm action against cattle farms that are intentionally or negligent in waste treatment and they need to conduct regular supervision in order to create a clean and healthy environment.
liability, environmental pollution, waste, cattle farm
The Tort of the Breach of Product Liability Principles: Comparative Study Between Indonesia and South Korea Law
Product Liability is an important element in consumer protection that requires manufacturers to be responsible for losses incurred due to defective or unsafe products. In Indonesia, consumer protection has been strengthened through Articles 19 and 27 of the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK), which emphasizes the responsibility of producers for damage caused by the goods produced. The scope of product liability is according to Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek abbreviated as “BW”), which regulates tort. However, the implementation of this law in Indonesia faces several challenges, such as difficulties for consumers in proving producer error and an unequal burden of proof. In comparison, South Korea has developed product liability laws, viz Product Liability Act (PLA), which is more proactive in protecting consumers. In the South Korean legal system, manufacturers are required to compensate for losses incurred with an emphasis on improving product safety. This research aims to analyze and compare the application of product liability in connection with tort in Indonesia and South Korea, as well as to identify steps that can be taken to improve consumer protection in Indonesia through a more effective and fair application of product liability doctrine.
Tort, Product Liability, Consumer Protection
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Iran and Turkey Cooperation in the trans-regional transportation network and its Impact on the Implementation of the Chinese BRI in the Middle East
This paper explores the prospects of cooperation between Iran and Turkey in the trans-regional transportation network, particularly the International North-South Corridor and the Middle Corridor, and the impact of such collaboration on implementing the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative in the Middle East. The paper concludes the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in the greater Middle Eastern region would undoubtedly be made possible by cooperation between Iran and Turkey in the transregional transportation network, specifically in the International North-South Corridor and the Middle Corridor.
International North-South Corridor, Middle Corridor, Belt and Road Initiative, Iran, Turkey, and China
Challenges and Future Development of China's Refugee Status Determination System
Currently, China is not only a source country for refugees but also a host country for them. Historically, China has experienced three large-scale influxes of refugees. Today, hundreds of refugees reside in Chinese cities each year. However, significant issues remain within China's refugee status determination (RSD) system. Presently, China lacks a clear definition of refugees and has not established its own RSD system. The process handled by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in China has led to several urgent issues that need resolution. As China increasingly engages in international refugee affairs, it is advisable to clearly define refugees and related concepts, transition the RSD work from UNHCR to the National Immigration Administration of China, and establish specific procedures for RSD. Additionally, the conditions for RSD, namely the grounds for persecution, should be interpreted in a manner localized to Chinese circumstances. An appeals mechanism should also be clearly established. Through these changes, China can effectively manage refugees domestically, enhance its international standing in global refugee issues, better fulfill its international responsibilities, and contribute to addressing the global refugee crisis.
Refugee Status Determination, Refugee Definition, China, UNHCR
Politics of Fiscal Regimes and Economic Instruments in Petroleum Industry
The paper has extensively discussed fiscal regimes and their typologies, such as concession and contractual. It also discusses the choice of petroleum system on the title of petroleum resources with the state, transfer of ownership of petroleum resources, sharing of cost and profit oil, timing of the revenues, changes on revenues also changes profitability, annual work programme & budget and risks responsibilities. While the paper also pinpoints the economic instruments and typologies such as market creation, property rights, charge systems, liability systems, financial systems, and bonds systems, it also evaluates key frameworks/protocols/conventions such as United Nations Frameworks Conventions on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol and United Nations Conferences on Sustainable Development (UNCSD). Moreover, the paper analyses the fiscal regimes and economic instruments for the twin-gain of tax revenue and environmental protection. The paper deployed a case study of South Sudan and Uganda, process tracing, and empirical literature review as a methodology for this study. Although the paper concludes with contractual typology, particularly production sharing agreement/contract (PSA/PSC) as the best fiscal regime for South Sudan as well as Uganda, it recommends future research to thrust out the weaknesses of the PSA/PSC model and economic instruments in the petroleum extraction business as well as the politics surrounding it.
Commercial Law and its Evaluation in International Law
The ease and prevalence of capital movement across international borders has led to its expansion in trade and the economy in recent years, and this may make resolving legal disputes more challenging. As a result of all these changes, national markets are becoming more and more global marketplaces, and commerce is expanding. Legal processes in this process must first be identified, and their characteristics ascertained in order to resolve legal disputes. While research has been done on qualified merchants in commercial law and related fields, no research has been done on qualified merchant requirements on an international scale. This study has, therefore, evaluated the global nature of the qualified trader under commercial law. Semiotic analysis and content analysis techniques were used in the study to evaluate conceptual studies carried out in academic settings. The research findings indicate that while certain national laws exist in the field of commercial law for eligible merchants, significant shortcomings persist in this domain, even within domestic legal frameworks. Confusion in domestic law stems from a number of factors, including the distinction made between the concepts of tradesman and merchant, the definition of "commercial enterprise," and the use of the term "part of" in reference to the requirement of operating a portion of the commercial company. International legal confusion results from inadequate representation of the qualifications of domestic and foreign traders in the legal system, which in turn affects local and national definitions of qualified traders and international activity areas. As a result, both domestically and globally, a more flexible, inclusive, and problem-solving legal strategy is needed.
Law, international law, merchant, qualified merchant
Analysis of the Specific Laws and Regulations of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Republic of Guinea - Conakry
The analysis of the specific laws and regulations of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Republic of Guinea Conakry, particularly in Conakry, involves several key aspects. The EEZ, which typically extends up to 200 nautical miles from the coast, grants coastal states sovereign rights to explore and exploit marine resources, as well as to regulate economic activities in this zone. International Legal Framework: The Republic of Guinea Conakry is a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which establishes the principles governing EEZs, including the rights and obligations of coastal states.
Law of the sea, analysis of the laws and regulations of the EEZ of the Republic of Guinea Conakry, regional and international legal framework of the EEZ of the Republic of Guinea Conakry.
Artificial Intelligence and Legal Ethics
AI has revolutionized the practice of law thus resulting in major developments, but the ethical implications of the same are complex and elaborate. Finally, this paper examines how professional organizations can serve as leaders in determining the ethical application of AI particularly in the legal profession. Through setting of ethical standards, as well as providing information and materials for learning, such organizations assist legal professions in the exercise of responsible usage of AI technologies. The discussion raises the demographic concerns of the AI systems, efficiency, transparency, and the fairness of the AI system as well as the cardinal need to provide practical approaches for training as well as updating the legal curriculum due to the influence of AI.
AI, law, professional conduct, bar associations, AI best practices, openness, liability, education, data protection, integrating AI into law, the displacement of human employees