Definite or Indefinite? The Case of Arabic Product Names as Judged by Student Translators

| ABSTRACT Product names in Saudi Arabia are mostly written in both Arabic and English, whether they are imported or locally produced. Numerous errors in using the Arabic definite article are currently very common. This study aims to examine a sample of Arabic product names consisting of single and multi-word names to find out the percentage of indefinite and definite product names, the types of compound product names with the highest frequency in faulty definite article attachment, and whether they faulty {al-} attachment is a result of transfer from their English equivalents which in most cases are printed on the product boxes or bottles. A sample of 187 product names (food, teas, coffee, herbs, spices, supplements, and beauty products) was collected from supermarkets, shops, and pharmacies. A sample of undergraduate student translators made judgments about the correctness of the definiteness and indefiniteness of all the product names in the sample. A product name was confirmed as definite or indefinite if it received the same response from 70% of the participants. Results showed that 60% of the product names are definite and 40% are indefinite. 49% were judged correct ((38% indefinite and 11% definite) as يرقب رجرب Beef burger; لكشم توت mixed berries & جاجد ةبك chicken kibbeh. 51% were judged incorrect (49% definite and 2% indefinite) as ( كنزلا *the zinc). شمشملا ىبرم apricot fruit spread; جاجدلا قوواط شيش shish tawook). In some cases, definite and indefinite forms of the same product names are used due to differences in the manufacturer. Few faulty indefinite forms should be definite ( كمسلا تاراهب fish spices instead of تاراهب كمس ), and few definite forms were considered correct ( تايوشملا لباوت BBQ spices). The highest frequency of faulty {al-} occurred in two-word product names. It seems that manufacturers are unaware of the rules of making product names definite/indefinite, especially those with a generic and ubiquitous reference as opposed to those referring to specific and unique entities as in oil names. Analysis revealed no transfer of definiteness/indefiniteness from English, in which product names are usually indefinite. Recommendations for the correct labelling and translation of product names are given.


Introduction
In Arabic, nouns and adjectives are marked for definiteness ‫َة‬ ‫ف‬ ِ ‫ر‬ ْ ‫ع‬ َ ‫م‬ ma'rifah or indefiniteness ‫ة‬ َ ‫ِر‬ ‫نك‬ nakirah.An Indefinite Noun is a noun that refers to a non-specific entity.By contrast, a definite noun is a noun that refers to a specific entity.Definiteness 1 includes the following: (i) pronouns such as ‫ا‬ َ ‫ن‬ َ ‫أ‬ "I", َ ‫و‬ ُ ‫ه‬ "he", َ ‫ي‬ ‫هِ‬ "she"; (ii) demonstrative pronouns, such as ‫هذا‬ (this, M), ‫ِهِ‬ ‫ذ‬ َ ‫ه‬ (this, F); (iii) relative pronouns, as ‫ِي‬ ‫ذ‬ َّ ‫ال‬ (who, M, Sin), ‫ِي‬ ‫ت‬ َّ ‫ال‬ (who, F, Sing); (iv) proper nouns that refer to personal names ‫فاطمة(‬ Fatima, ‫محمد‬ Mohammed, ‫علي‬ Ali) and geographical names ‫بيروت(‬ Beirut, ‫لبنان‬ Lebanon, ‫دجلة‬ Tigris; ‫طبريا‬ ‫بحيرة‬ Tiberia Lake); (iv) the genitive or ‫َة‬ ‫اف‬ َ ‫ض‬ ِ ‫إ‬ iDafah structure, where an indefinite noun is apposited to a definite noun ‫محمد(‬ ‫كتاب‬ Mohammad's book); (v) Nouns in vocative structures ‫أستاذ(‬ ‫يا‬ hey teacher!); (vi) nouns and adjectives attached to the definite article {al-}, which is a bound morpheme prefixed to the noun.{al-} is not marked for number, gender, or case as it is the case in French which has several definite articles used with nouns according to their number and gender (le for singular masculine, la for singular feminine, and les for plural masculine and plural feminine).Several types of definite articles with several meanings exist in Arabic such as the redundant {al-} which is attached to some proper nouns such as personal names ‫الحسن‬ Al-Hassan, ‫المثنى‬ Al-Muthanna, surnames ‫السيسي‬ Al-Sisi ‫الخطيب,‬ Al-Khateeb, ‫النجار‬ Al-Najjar, ‫الحداد‬ Al-Haddad, ‫الجعفري‬ Al-Jaafar, ‫الأسد‬ Al-Assad, ‫المصري‬ Al-Masri; geographical names ‫الرياض(‬ Riyadh; ‫القاهرى‬ Cairo, ‫العراق‬ Iraq, ‫اليابان‬ Japan ‫الفرات‬ Euphrates, ‫الاحمر‬ ‫البحر‬ Red Sea).Many Proper Nouns are definite although they are not affixed to {al-} as in ‫مصر‬ (Egypt), ‫تركيا‬ (Turkey); ‫مكة‬ Makkah; ‫دجلة‬ (Tigris River).The superlative formed is definite as it is formed by adding the definite article {al-} to the comparative form ‫الأكبر‬ ‫الأخ‬ (the oldest brother), ‫الكبرى‬ ‫الأخت‬ (the oldest sister).According to Al-Sammira'ee 2 (2000) identified several types of {al-}: Genus {al-} or the all-inclusive {al-} as in ‫الحليب‬ ‫مفيد‬ ‫للصحة‬ (milk is good for health) which refers to all kinds of milk; ‫الشجاع‬ ‫هو‬ (the brave) which means that this person is brave in all situations.In ‫التفاح‬ ‫أحب‬ (I love apples), this is inclusive of all kinds of apples.In specificity {al-} as in ‫ذاهبة‬ ‫انا‬ ‫السوق‬ ‫الى‬ (I am going to the market) ‫اليوم‬ ‫مسافرة‬ ‫انا‬ (I am leaving today) and ‫السيارة‬ ‫اشتريت‬ I bought the car); ‫الطالب‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫فاز‬ (this student won), ‫المتحف‬ ‫الى‬ ‫ذهبت‬ (I went to the museum), the definite noun has a specific identity that is known to both the speaker and listener, i.e., the definite noun refers to a specific market, book, car, student or museum.The definite noun with {al-} may also refer to something or someone that is unique as in ‫النسبية‬ ‫النظرية‬ (the relativity theory), ‫للدولة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫الميزانية‬ (the national budget), ‫تمثال‬ ‫الحرية‬ Statue of Liberty; ‫الرئيس‬ ‫سيادة‬ Mr President.It refers to something or somebody that has already been mentioned as in ‫رأيت‬ ‫واشتريت‬ ‫بالأمس‬ ‫سيارة‬ ‫اليوم‬ ‫السيارة‬ (I saw a car yesterday and bought the car today) (Al-Samarrai, 2000; Alzamil, 2019; Al-Jarf, 2022; Al-Jarf, 1990; Al-Jarf,1996; Al-Jarf, 1994a; Al-Jarf, 1994b; Al-Jarf, 2023c).Definiteness and indefiniteness in Arabic have received a lot of attention in the Arabic language literature due to their complexity and variability.A plethora of studies investigated the definite article in Arabic (Testen, 1998); the article and the concept of definiteness in language (Krámský, 2016); definition and determination in medieval Arabic grammatical thought (Sartori, 2019); a synchronic and historical perspective on the Arabic definite article (Heselwood & Watson, 2015); the Arabic noun phrase (Hoyt, 2008); definiteness and information trigger in Arabic (Jarrah & Zibin, 2016); definiteness, proper nouns for genera and ʾasmāʾ mubhama 'ambiguous nouns' in Arabic (Sakaedani, 2019); the double function of language and product naming and industry terminology in Arabic localized websites (Kassawat, 2020); meanings and functions of the Arabic Article al-'the' with reference to the concept of definiteness (Kashgary, 2015); morphological realization of the syntactic head D (Definite) or a [DEF] feature of nouns attached to the definite marker in Arabic (Alqassas, 2013); definiteness and number ambiguity in the superlative construction in Arabic (Elghamry, 2004); definiteness and identifiability in Kitāb Sībawayhi (Marogy, 2009) and others.
A second group of studies focused on definiteness and indefiniteness in Standard as well as some Arabic dialects such as definiteness in Arabic dialects (Turner, 2018); definiteness systems and dialect classification (Turner, 2021); definiteness, genitives and two kinds of syntax in Standard Arabic (Dickins, 2013); genericity and definiteness in modern standard Arabic (Jaber, 2014); nominal determination in Moroccan Arabic (Maas & Procházka, 2022); contact, divergence, and semantic change in definiteness marking in Moroccan Arabic (Turner, 2013); definiteness, pronoun suffixes, genitives and two types of syntax in Sudanese Arabic (Dickins, 2023); towards a pragmatic account of the effect of definiteness in Najdi Arabic fiih-sentences (Alharbi, 2022); the syntax and semantics of definiteness in the Jordanian Bedouin Arabic construct state (Byrne, 2015); the semantics of the definite article and form-function mismatches in Jordanian Arabic (Jaber, Al-Momani & Omari, 2022); definiteness realization and function in Palestinian Arabic (Belyayeva, 1997); the treatment of the definite in the Central Semitic languages (Canaanite, Arabic, Aramaic, and Old South Arabian) (Rubin, 2005) and others.
A third group of studies compared definiteness and indefiniteness in Arabic and other languages as in common noun vs Isim Nakirah and Proper Noun vs Isim Ma'rifah in English and Arabic (Sa'adah, (2020); nominal determination and definiteness in English and Arabic (Sabra, 2014); a contrastive study of definiteness in English, French and Arabic: (Saeed, 2013) and others.Few more studies examined the problems faced in translating the definite article in studies on the Qur'anic definite article in translation (Farghal& al-Zou'bi, 2004); translation of definiteness and indefiniteness from Russian Into English and Arabic (Khoshaba & Alsultan, 2021); error analysis of the translation of Arabic articles into English (Belarbi, (2022); problems of translating definite and indefinite articles from English into Arabic (al-Sulaimaan & Alsinjari, 2018); reasons for variations in rendering the Arabic In/definiteness into English (Abu-Hassoub, 2020) and so on.
Further studies explored how native speakers of Arabic transliterate first and last names containing the definite article {al-} to English on Facebook; what variations exist in transliterating the definite article itself; how Arabic speakers transliterate {al-} before sun and moon letters in their names; and which strategies they use in transliterating personal names with a definite article (Al-Jarf, 2022b).Similarly, Al-Jarf (2021) analyzed the transliteration of the Arabic definite article in hotel names and found that the definite article is sometimes hyphenated and sometimes separated from the word.There was faulty agreement in definiteness/indefiniteness and lack of collocability between words.Some hotel names lack agreement between the component parts of the compound name in gender and definiteness/indefiniteness in some long hotels names as in Manafe Althahabiya; Fal Aljadeed; Dar AlKhalil AlRushad, Najmat Sewar; Jawharet Dyar.In analysing the use of the definite article in shop names, (Al-Jarf, 2023b) found that the Arabic definite article is misused ‫دونتس(‬ ‫(المنيو‬ instead of instead of ‫الدونتس‬ ‫;منيو‬ it is missing or misused as ‫فاشن:‪in‬‬ ‫بنك‬ instead of ‫(الأزياء)‬ ‫الفاشن‬ ‫;بنك‬ ‫كاروهات‬ ‫بوتيك‬ instead of ; ‫الكاروهات‬ ‫بوتيك‬ ; ‫شيف‬ ‫قوركان‬ instead of ‫قوركان‬ ‫الشيف‬ -‫كول‬ ‫صيف‬ ‫مهرجان‬ ‫في‬ ‫جدة‬ .
Regarding Arabic products names in Saudi Arabia, in most cases, they are written in both English and Arabic, whether they are imported or locally produced.In recent years, errors in the use of the definite article in Arabic product names have become very common and alarming due to the influx of precuts locally and internationally.Therefore, this study aims to examine a sample of Arabic product names (food, teas, coffee, spices, medications, frozen food, beauty and baby care products … etc) consisting of single words and multi-word compounds collected from supermarkets, spice shops and pharmacies to find out the percentage of definite and indefinite product names, whether there are errors in attaching the definite article {-al} to Arabic product names and whether definiteness and indefiniteness in Arabic product names is a transfer from English especially in the case of imported products.Specifically, this study aims to find out which product name structures have the highest faulty definite article attachment (single words, two-word, three-words, four-words compound product names or longer ones), which product names mirror the English equivalents in definiteness and indefiniteness; sources of the definite article attachment errors in product names; and to give recommendations for correct and accurate product naming with regards to the definite article attachment and using the indefinite form.
Inaccurate product naming may not hinder communication but is a nuisance and distorts the Arabic language use in public spaces that need to be overcome.Young readers who read faulty product names will assume that this is the standard Arabic product naming practice and they will acquire this way of labelling products.This study aims to draw the attention of manufacturers, the Ministry of Commerce and Chambers of Commerce to faulty language practices as it is the responsibility of the whole society to preserve the purity of the Arabic language and maintain its correct use in all walks of life.

Methodology 1.1 Participants
A random sample of 20 undergraduate student informants majoring in translation at three universities in Saudi Arabia participated in the study.All the students are native speakers of Arabic, with English as their target language.

Sample of Product Names
A sample of 187 Arabic product names (frozen foods, teas, coffee types, spices, jams, medications, beauty and baby products and others) were collected from some supermarkets, spice shops, convenience stores, and pharmacies.Images of all the products with Arabic names were taken by the author.The sample of product names consisted of single-word product names (14%); two-word product names (55%); three-word product names ( 22.5%); four-word product names (7%); five-word product names (1%) and more than 5 words (.5%).Many of the product names have English equivalents on the boxes or bottles and few have an Arabic name only.

Procedures
All the product names were printed on paper in the form of a list.Before the session, the students received some training in judging the definiteness and indefiniteness of some product names, especially those with a definite article by answering the questions "What is this" and "Do you carry so and so".After the training session, the students performed a judgment task in which they were required to indicate whether each product name was correct or incorrect in terms of definiteness and indefiniteness.They had to put a check mark ✓ if the product names is correct, whether it is definite or indefinite and a cross X if it is incorrect.
The author and another colleague with a Ph.D. in linguistics scored the responses.Each product name was confirmed as definite or indefinite, correct and incorrect if it received the same response from 70% of the students.Based on the students' responses, the product names were sorted out into correct indefinite, incorrect indefinite, correct definite, and incorrect definite as shown in Tables 1 and 2 in the Results section below.

Data Analysis
Data analysis started by sorting out the product names according to whether they were correct or incorrect in terms of definiteness and indefiniteness depending on the students' judgments.In each category, product names were then sorted out according to their length, i.e., one, two, three, four, five-word compounds and longer product names.The data analysis focused on indefinite product names and those with a faulty Arabic definite article attachment.Percentages of the product names in the two main categories (definite and indefinite product names) and according to the name length categories were calculated.

Results
Results of the data analysis showed that 60% of the Arabic product names in the sample are definite as opposed to 40% definite product names.Data analysis also showed the 49% of the product names in the sample were judged correct by the participants (38% correct indefinite and 11% correct definite) as opposed to 51% incorrect product names (49% incorrect definite and 2% incorrect indefinite).
Table 1 shows examples of correct indefinite product names without the Arabic definite article {al-} as in ‫اسود(‬ ‫توت‬ blackberries; ‫فراولة‬ strawberries; ‫فلافل‬ falafel), with more indefinite product names correctly used as in ‫شرائح‬ ‫مقطع‬ ‫اسود‬ ‫زيتون‬ black olives slices; ‫مشكل‬ ‫مخلل‬ mixed pickle; ‫مطحونة‬ ‫حمراء‬ ‫فليفلة‬ crushed red pepper; ‫نباتي‬ ‫جبن‬ ‫شرائح‬ bio vegan slices cheese; ‫حلومي‬ ‫جبنة‬ halloumi cheese; ‫مخفوقة‬ ‫زبدة‬ whipped cream; ‫الطبخ‬ ‫كريمة‬ cooking cream; ‫البتزا‬ ‫توابل‬ pizza spices.The students judged indefinite product names in this category as correct as they have a generic reference and there is no context to mandate the attachment of the definite article {al-} (See Table 1 for more examples).
On the contrary, the students judged 2% of the indefinite product names in the sample as incorrect, i.e., they should be definite as in ‫سمك‬ ‫بهارات‬ fish spices; ‫برياني‬ ‫بهارات‬ biryani spices; ‫كبسة‬ ‫رز‬ ‫ابازير‬ Kabsa rice spices should be definite ( ‫بهارات‬ ‫ال‬ ‫سمك‬ fish spices; ‫بهارات‬ ‫ال‬ ‫برياني‬ biryani spices; ‫رز‬ ‫ابازير‬ ‫ال‬ ‫كبسة‬ Kabsa rice spices) as they refer to a specific and unique entities.In prepositional phares as in ‫عضوية‬ ‫الغلوتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالية‬ ‫والشوكولاتة‬ ‫الشوفان‬ ‫كوكيز‬ Organic and gluten free oat chocolate cookies, the noun following the preposition is already definite ( ‫الغلوتين‬ ‫من‬ from gluten) as it has a specific unique reference.Regarding definite product names, Table 2 shows the definite product which were judged incorrect by the participants as they are incorrectly attached to the definite article {al-} in one or more constituents of the multi-word product name.
The highest product names with a faulty definite article attachment are those consisting of two-word compounds (55%), followed by three-word product names (20%), one-word product names (13.6%), four-word product names (8.4%), five-word product names (2%), and longer product names (1%) of the total faulty product names (See Table 2).
In the case of definite product names consisting of single words, these should be indefinite as indicated by the participants ‫,زنك(‬ ‫,ميرامية‬ ‫,بردقوش‬ ‫نعناع‬ , ‫,كراوية‬ ‫أبيض‬ ‫,شاي‬ ‫,قرفة‬ ‫,زنجبيل‬ ‫,يانسون‬ ‫)مغنيسيوم‬ instead of ‫الزنك‬ *the zinc; ‫الميرامية‬ sage, ‫اليردقوش‬ marjoram; ‫النعناع‬ mint; ‫الكراوية‬ the caraway; ‫الأبيض‬ ‫الشاي‬ the white tea; ‫القرفة‬ the cinnamon; ‫الزنجبيل‬ the ginger; ‫البابونج‬ *the chamomile; ‫;اليانسون‬ ‫المغنيسيوم‬ *the magnesium and so as they have a generic, ubiquitous reference and there is no context that requires the use of the definite form (See Table 2).
In two-word product names in Table 2, the first constituent is apposited to a definite noun, i.e., they are genitive structures, as in ‫المشمش‬ ‫مربى‬ *the apricot fruit spread ‫مشمس)‬ + ‫ال‬ + ‫;)مربى‬ ‫التوت‬ ‫مزيج‬ *triple berry ‫توت(‬ + ‫ال‬ + ‫,)مزيج‬ ‫الجوافة‬ ‫ورق‬ *the guava leaves ‫جوافة(‬ + ‫ال‬ + ‫;)ورق‬ ‫التمر‬ ‫معمول‬ date maamoul ‫تمر(‬ + ‫ال‬ + ‫.)معمول‬In ‫الاصلية‬ ‫البطاطس‬ *the original fries consist of a definite N + definite Adj.In both cases, the whole product name is definite due to the faulty definite article {al-} attachment to the apposited noun and adjective.Both constituents should be indefinite as the whole product name has a generic reference with no context that mandates making it definite by adding the definite article {al-}.
In three-word product names, there are two genitives in which the first indefinite noun is apposited to the second indefinite N which is in turn apposited to a final definite N beginning with the definite article {al-}.Thus the whole product name is definite.In ‫المقرمشة‬ ‫البطاطس‬ ‫قطع‬ *the crunchy, the compound consists of an indefinite N + a definite N + a definite Adj, making the whole name definite.In ‫بالزنجبيل‬ ‫الأخضر‬ ‫الشاي‬ *the ginger green tea, the product name consists of a definite N + a definite Adj + a PP, and ‫الدجاج‬ ‫طاووق‬ ‫شيش‬ *the chicken Shish Tawook consists of an indefinite N + an indefinite N + a definite appositive N, which makes the whole compound definite.Here again, the three constituents of the product name should be indefinite without the definite article attached to any constituent as the full product name has a generic reference and there is no context that mandates the use of a definite article because the definite article implies specificity and reference to a specific type out of the whole genus (See Table 2).
In four-word product names, ‫والمبشور‬ ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫الموزاريلا‬ ‫جبن‬ *shredded mozzarella cheese consists of an indefinite N + a definite apposited N + a definite Adj + conjoined definite N. In ‫الشوكولاتة‬ ‫كيكة‬ ‫لي‬ ‫سارة‬ *The chocolate cake, the product name consists of a Proper N + a Proper N + indefinite N + definite apposited noun.In all of these cases, even if there is a single definite constituent, the whole multi-word product name becomes definite.As in the previous examples, all four-word product names in this category should be indefinite as they have a generic reference with no context that requires the use o the definite article (See Table 2).
In long product names as ‫العضوية‬ ‫الالوان‬ ‫ثلاثية‬ ‫الكينوا‬ ‫حبوب‬ organic tricolor quinoa; ‫رق‬ ‫العضوي‬ ‫المحمص‬ ‫الهند‬ ‫جوز‬ ‫ائق‬ Organic coconut chips (toasted), the product name consists of an indefinite N +a definite apposited N + an indefinite Adj + a definite appositive N + a definite Adj.‫عضوية‬ ‫الغلوتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالية‬ ‫والشوكولاتة‬ ‫الشوفان‬ ‫كوكيز‬ Organic and gluten free oat chocolate cookies consists of (an indefinite N + a definite appositive N + a definite conjoined N + an indefinite adjective + PP + an indefinite adjective).These refer to all marjoram, mint, caraway, tea, cinnamon in general, not a specific type or instance of each.It is also more concise to use the indefinite.This finding is contrary to other translation situations in which student-translators translated imitatively rather than discriminately, as indicated by students' errors in translating English and Arabic plurals (Al-Jarf, 2020); English and Arabic common names of chemical compounds (Al-Jarf, 2022c); English and Arabic numeral-based formulaic expressions (Al-Jarf, 2023a); translation of English and Arabic color-based metaphorical expressions (Al-Jarf, 2019); SVO word order errors (Al-Jarf, 2007); grammatical agreement errors (Al-Jarf, 2000).Some faulty transliterations of product names reflect faulty pronunciation of product names ‫المقرمشة(‬ ‫كريسكت‬ ‫بطاطس‬ seasoned crosscut; ‫اورقانو‬ oregano(.This is similar to student's foreign proper noun pronunciation errors in English-Arabic and Arabic-English interpreting )Al-Jarf, 2022d).
While analyzing multi-word product names in the sample, their structures sounded as if they were translated, created or labelled by Google Translate (GT) as in ‫عضوية‬ ‫الغلوتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫خالية‬ ‫والشوكولاتة‬ ‫الشوفان‬ ‫كوكيز‬ Organic and gluten free oat chocolate cookies ; ‫الكركم‬ ‫;زنجبيل‬ ‫الهندي‬ ‫العشبة‬ Indian Herb; ‫العضوية‬ Organic brown flax seeds; ‫التمر‬ ‫أصابع‬ ‫معمول‬ maamoul date fingers (Al-Jarf, 2021; Al-Jarf, 2016).Those who label products should avoid using Google Translate in translating long product names from English to Arabic as GT produces translation inaccuracies such as word order and agreement errors.
The addition of the definite article {al-} to 60% of the product names in the sample is probably due to lack of proficiency in Arabic on the part of the persons who labels the products in some factories and companies who are probably non-native speakers of Arabic, or because they think that the use of the definite article would make the product sound more standard-like.
To overcome the faulty definite article attachment errors in product names, this study recommends that a labelling guide be prepared by the Ministry of Commerce and/or Chambers of Commers to which manufacturers and factory owners can refer before labelling their products.Factories and companies can also seek the help of professional translators and Arabic and English language specialists to make sure that product names are indefinite, accurately transliterated, and translated with correct structure, word order, agreement, and collocability among the constituents of compound names.Furthermore, translation and linguistics students may collect product labels, shop signs and linguistic landscapes, and identify and fix linguistic, transliteration and translation errors in them.They can also help in compiling lists of product names, shop names and street signs together with their equivalents.
Finally, during the product name data analysis, it was noted that errors in product names are not limited to definiteness and indefiniteness and the incorrect attachment of the definite article {al-}; many other errors in translation, word order, agreement, collocability, plural formation, and transliterating names rather than translating them were noted as (Curley, crosscut, special, nuggets, mini, lavender, puff pastry, spring rolls, samosa, sambousak, vegie delight ‫فيجي‬ ‫دلايت‬ , cookies ‫,كوكيز‬ light cyprus cheese ‫لا‬ ‫حلومي‬ ‫جبنة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ت‬ ), okra extra ‫اكسترا‬ ‫,بامية‬ hash browns ‫براونز‬ ‫هاش‬ and variant spelling ‫ينسون(‬ & ‫;)يانسون‬ and polysemous words ‫التوت(‬ ‫مزيج‬ instead of ‫مشكل‬ ‫)توت‬ which need to be investigated in detail by Arab researchers in the future (Al-Jarf, 2024; Al-Jarf, 2022a).