An Analysis of Translation Strategies of Indonesian Nomina Majemuk in the Novel “ Lelaki Harimau

This research discusses the Indonesian nomina majemuk translation from Indonesian into English. The problems of this research cover what are translation strategies and theories employed in the translation of Indonesian nomina majemuk into English in the lelaki harimau novel. The purposes of this research are to identify translation strategies and translation theories employed in the translation of Indonesian nomina majemuk into English in the lelaki harimau novel. The data are obtained from an Indonesian novel entitled lelaki harimau and its English version. This research uses a qualitative method and a random sampling technique. This research is based on Chesterman’s translation strategies. The data are collected through documentation and observation b y reading a novel and listing nomina majemuk found. The data are analyzed based on translation strategies, theories and linguistics theories. The results of this research show that there are three translation strategies used to translate Indonesian nomina majemuk into English in the lelaki harimau novel, including literal translation (41%), unit shift (24%), and distribution change (35%).


Introduction
People need translation to communicate.Translation helps people to transfer the information given by others.The translation covers a wide variety of translations.It can be a case of a novel, article, or book.In this sophisticated era, we can even find easy translation machines.It is not only in English for the document which has been translated.
In translation, language choices need to take into account.Fasold (in Rahayu & Fauzan, 2020) stated that there are three approaches in the revision of language selection, namely sociological, social and anthropological approaches.Furthermore, context is also an important aspect because it can distinguish meaning (Ahdillah et al., 2020).Related to that, there are two aspects that need to be considered.These are the source language and the target language.The Source language is the source language or the original language that needs to be translated.While the target language is the target language or the language into which a text written in another language is to be translated.The relationship and meaning of the source and target language have to be aligned because translation has to transfer the information and meaning from the source to the target language.
As discussed above, the translation in this era is simple to be found, and as it is simple to be found, people somehow always are looking for the fastest.The fastest translation, generally, can be found online.For example, nowadays, we can find various translation novels online.
In accordance with the needs of the research subject, the researcher chooses the data source of fiction.The fiction work of fiction that will be analyzed is a novel as the focus.The novel chosen by the researchers is an Indonesian novel, and its English translation from the novel Lelaki Harimau, one of the novels released in 2004.The novel tells the story of people's lives who have problems of poverty in the family, promiscuity, prostitution, crime and even murder.These problems have social values that can be applied in learning to be more concerned with the social environment, especially family.
In Indonesia, there are many translations of books written in Indonesian.Mostly those translations have not been edited, especially novels.It is universally known that the structure of the Indonesian language is quite different from that of English.How does the English translator cope with that discrepancy?It is necessary to investigate whether the Indonesian language, especially the dissimilarity of function in the language component, such as Indonesian nomina majemuk.This investigation is deemed useful in order not to confuse those who have studied the Indonesian language as a foreign language.Most Indonesian speakers do not understand Indonesian nomina majemuk categories.In general, they have difficulty distinguishing Indonesian nomina majemuk from other word combinations, such as noun phrases or idioms.In fact, if they consider noun phrases and idioms such as Indonesian nomina majemuk.Finally, they find a combination of words or two words that are put together; they always refer to it as an Indonesian nomina majemuk.In fact, Indonesian nomina majemuk has certain characteristics that are different from other types of word combinations.Because of the same form, Indonesian nomina majemuk often has similarities with noun phrases or idioms.However, this time the researcher focuses on Indonesian nomina majemuk due to the fact that they do not occur in English.Therefore it is important to conduct this study.
The meaning is important for the purpose of translation.Therefore, the translation strategy is one way to get the equivalence of meaning and naturalness of the target language (Salsabila & Jumanto, 2020), and translation itself can be said to translate culture (Fadhillah et al., 2019).In this regard, the researchers want to examine the translation strategy of Indonesian nomina majemuk in its Indonesian and English translations.Thus, the researcher hopes that this research can provide benefits for people who want to study the same topic.Catford (1965, p. 20) defined translation as "the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)".It means that translation is the process of transferring messages from the source language with the same equivalent to the target language.It must be interpreted broadly in order to provide a complete message to the reader.The equivalent is in the form of equivalent words, phrases, sentences and meanings, so it does not damage the ideas and messages contained in the source language.Meanwhile, Nida and Taber (1982, p. 12) explained that translation is "… reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style".In other words, Nida and Taber (1982) not only focus on the meaning of the source text to be transferred into the target text, but it also considers the style of the source text to be maintained in the target text.

Definition of Translation
Besides that, Newmark (1988, p. 5) stated that translation "… is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text".Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, p. 8) said that "…translation is used for making known what has been said or written in a foreign language.Consequently, translators themselves do not translate in order to understand but to make others understand".Besides that, Hatim & Munday (2004, p. 6) said that translation is "The process of transferring a written text from SL to TL…".
In translation, there is something called this process.As Newmark suggested, the translation process is operational.Newmark (2001, p. 19) provides several procedures for translation.First, you need to decide on your approach.For example, when translating a text, the translator must consider the text and the meaning the author wants to convey to decide which approach to use.The second step is the level the translator wants to translate.There are four levels that are likely to occur.These are the SL text level (source language), reference level, cohesion level and naturalness level.The final procedure is the revision procedure.This step is necessary if the translator wants to ensure that the translation matches the source text as naturally as possible.Some techniques and strategies are necessary when translating.A translation strategy can be a translation tool added to a translation model (Volkova, 2014).Some experts in the field of translation can teach you some translation techniques.For example, Vinay and Dalbernet (1995, p. 41) distinguish between two methods of translation: direct or literal and oblique translations.In the latter discussion, several translation techniques were discussed.However, their proposal uses the name "procedure" to describe how the source language is translated.These so-called procedures are borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equalization, and adaptation.
In this research, researchers present many different translations of nomina majemuk.This type of study describes how specific components of speech (nomina majemuk) are translated and provides a detailed analysis of the translation process.This analysis is based on Chesterman's translation strategy.
There are 3 classifications of translation strategies.They are syntactic strategies, semantic strategies, and pragmatic strategies.According to Chesterman (2016, p. 91) "The syntactic strategies involve literal translation, loan, calque, transposition, unit shift, phrase structure change, clause structure change, sentence structure change, cohesion change, level shift, scheme change".Then, Chesterman (2016, p. 98-99) found that "The semantic strategies consist of synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, converses, abstraction change, distribution change, emphasis change, paraphrase, trope change, other semantic changes".The pragmatic strategies manipulates the message itself.Chesterman (2016, p. 104) stated that "involve cultural filtering, explicitness change, information change, interpersonal change, illocutionary change, coherence change, partial translation, visibility change, transediting, other pragmatic changes".The Indonesian nomina majemuk can be a word or phrase.Therefore, the translation strategies which is used in translating Indonesian nomina majemuk are literal translation, unit shift, and distribution change.The distribution change involves compression and expansion.The first, literal translation, means the translators follow the format of the source text as much as possible without following the structure of the source language; for example, they want to be translated from the Indonesian language into English, like in the word sepakbola which may be translated into football.The second, the unit shift, is a term borrowed from Catford (1965) at the morpheme, word, phrase, phrase, sentence and paragraph level, like the example of the Indonesian nomina majemuk 'tukang jahit', which becomes tailor.It is from phrase to word.The third is distribution change, which is a type of strategy that distributes the same semantic components over more (expansion) or fewer (compression) elements.For example, there is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, 'cap jempol', and it is translated into marked with a thumbprint.It is translated from two words into three words, and it is called expansion.Meanwhile, the compression is less in the target text; for example, jam tangan is translated into the watch in English.

The Indonesian Nomina Majemuk
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), nouns are a class of words which in the Indonesian language are marked by a word that is not able to join with the word tidak; for example, rumah is a noun because it is impossible to say tidak rumah.It usually has functions as the subject or object of a clause.
In the Indonesian language, nomina majemuk forms are written separately, except the word has the potential to cause misunderstanding.Therefore, hyphens are used to avoid misunderstanding, for example, buku-sejarah baru; ibu-bapak kami.The Indonesian nomina majemuk forms which get a prefix or suffix are written together, and those that only have a prefix or suffix are written separately, for example, bertepuk tangan, sebar luaskan, pertanggungjawaban, and menggarisbawahi.The unified Indonesian nomina majemuk forms or combinations of words are always written in series.Soepomo (2015, p. 182) stated that the word majemuk is a combination of two or more words that has a new meaning that is quite different from that of its constituent words but whose syntactic behavior is similar to that of words.
While majemuk means consisting of several parts, which are a unit.Thus, the Indonesian nomina majemuk can be understood as nouns consisting of two or more words that are produced through the process of combining words or compounding.The Indonesian nomina majemuk can be misinterpreted as idioms, even as noun phrases.Therefore, it is necessary to understand again how to distinguish idioms, noun phrases and compound nouns.
The Indonesian nomina majemuk is distinguished based on its morphological form and the relationship between its components.Based on their morphological form, The Indonesian nomina majemuk divided into The Indonesian nomina majemuk dasar, nomina majemuk berafiks and nomina majemuk is from free and bound forms.In addition, based on the relationship between components, Indonesian nomina majemuk is divided into Indonesian nomina majemuk setara and nomina majemuk bertingkat.
The Indonesian nomina majemuk has certain characteristics, so they are different from the other combinations of words.They have basically as characteristics as Indonesian verba majemuk.There are three characteristics of Indonesian nomina majemuk.First, the Indonesian nomina majemuk can be analyzed their meaning from the words that are combined.For example, unjuk rasa can still be analyzed from the meaning of the word unjuk and rasa, namely performing a demonstration or action because of feelings in the heart.Second, the order of the components seems to have become one, so they cannot be replaced.The phrase unjuk rasa cannot be replaced with rasa unjuk.The last, The Indonesian nomina majemuk, consists of two words and no more.As such is the case, the researcher is interested to find out how a translator of an Indonesian sourcebook translated nomina majemuk.

Methodology
Sudaryanto in Mahsun (2014, p. 18) suggested that data are primarily the subject of research.It was combined with context.To better understand data, we need to know about the study object and study subject.Therefore, it can be said that the study object is the main topic analyzed in the study.A subject, on the other hand, is exactly the study object from which the researcher obtains the data to be analyzed.The subject of this study is the Lelaki Harimau novel.The data or the object of this study is the translation of Indonesian nomina majemuk in the Indonesian language to English.While collecting the data, this study uses an observational method as the researcher must explore the data using notation (Sudaryanto, 2015, p. 202).Therefore, when collecting data, the researcher reads the novel and notes the Indonesian nomina majemuk from the Indonesian language into English.After writing down the required data, the researcher writes it on the data card.In this study, the human instrument that is the researcher analyzes the presented data, mainly using their knowledge related to translation, translation strategies, sociolinguistics, and the Indonesian nomina majemuk.In analyzing the data, we used the identity method (Sudaryanto, 2015, p. 15), as this study relates to translation, translation strategies, sociolinguistics, and Indonesian nomina majemuk.When analyzing the data, the researcher describes translation strategies for the presented data.Below, the researcher discusses the reasons for the chosen translation strategy and the use of the Indonesian nomina majemuk in the data presented.And finally, the researcher draws conclusions about the analysis of the given data.

Results and Discussion
Based on the results, the researchers concluded that there are three types of Indonesian nomina majemuk translation strategies in Lelaki Harimau's novel.The three categories are literal translation, unit shift, and distribution change.A summary of the results is presented in the table below.A discussion of the results of the research that was done.Here, the researcher discusses in detail the discoveries of the Indonesian nomina majemuk and its translation in the Lelaki Harimau novel.The abbreviation ST stands for source text, and TT stands for target text.These results are divided into three sub-items.

The Translation Of Indonesian Nomina Majemuk In The Lelaki Harimau Novel In Literal Translation Strategy
Some Indonesian nomina majemuk are used in the novel "Lelaki Harimau".Below is the Indonesian nomina majemuk translation with a literal translation strategy into English translation and a discussion of Indonesian nomina majemuk.As for a name, Komar didn't make any suggestions.He chose to disappear, and their mother eventually proffered a single namewith no middle or family name attached.
From the above data, it can be seen that the translator used a literal translation strategy (Chesterman, 2016).Molina and Albir (2002) defined literal translation as word-for-word translation.This can be seen in the structure of words and texts that do not change from the source language to the target language, such as in "nama", which is translated into "name", and the word "keluarga", which is translated into "family".In the data above, nama keluarga is the Indonesian endocentric nomina majemuk.In the book of Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, Indonesian endocentric nomina majemuk are graded nomina majemuk in which one component functions as a core and the other as a bound.The meaning of this word majemuk is a hyponym of its core meaning.
In Indonesian nomina majemuk, family names, for example, the name becomes the core, and the family becomes bound.There was a large mirror over the water tub, the remains of a cupboard a cat had knocked over and smashed.
Based on the data above, the source text …bak mandi… is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, which is translated into the English target text …water tub… Thus, an Indonesian nomina majemuk is the closest grammatical translation of the source text.The translation strategy used is literal.Chesterman (2016, p.91) defined that the literal translation strategy is as close as possible to the form of the source language but still grammatical.Meanwhile, Newmark, cited in Munday (2016, p. 44), stated that literal translation is the extreme version which means word for word, and even in the weaker form, it follows very closely the ST lexicon and syntax.Ma Rabiah and her husband had eight children, all of them well known among the townsfolk for their ruthless entrepreneurship.
From the data above, the source text …naluri usaha… is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, which is translated into the English target text …ruthless entrepreneurship.Thus, an Indonesian nomina majemuk is the closest grammatical translation of the source text.The translation strategy used is literal (Chesterman, 2016).According to Catford (1965, p. 25) stated that literal translation tends to remain lexically word by word, which uses the lexical equivalent with the highest probability for each vocabulary item.
Based on the data above, the source text …rokok kretek… is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, which is translated into the English target text…clove cigarettes… Thus, an Indonesian nomina majemuk is the closest grammatical translation of the source text.The translation strategy used is literal (Chesterman, 2016).Besides that, Newmark (1988, p. 46) found that literal translation is the grammatical structure of the source language, which is translated to its closest TL equivalent, but the vocabulary is translated separately without context.From the data above, the source text …gundukan tanah… is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, which is translated into the English target text …grassy mound… Thus, an nomina majemuk is the closest grammatical translation of the source text.The translation strategy used is literal.According to Chesterman (2016, p. 91) defines this strategy "… rather loosely, as meaning "maximally close to the SL form, but nevertheless grammatical"".Basnett (2014, p. 93) stated that "Literal translation, where the emphasis on word-for-word translation distorts the sense and the syntax of the original".

The Translation Of Indonesian Nomina Majemuk In The Lelaki Harimau Novel In Unit Shift Strategy
Below is the Indonesian nomina majemuk translation with unit shift strategy into English translation and a discussion of Indonesian nomina majemuk.Based on the data above, the source text …tukang jahit… is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, which is translated into the English target text …tailor… Thus, an Indonesian nomina majemuk is translated into an English word.Chesterman (2016, p. 93) stated that unit shifts "This is a term from Catford (1965).The units are morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph.A unit shift occurs when a ST unit is translated as a different unit in the TT: … ".Larson (1988, p. 170) found that "First of all, it is essential that the translator accept the fact that … several words in the source text will sometimes be translated by a single word".They stepped away from the peanut vendor and walked to a grassy mound where people sat during football matches under the lush shadow of a tropical almond tree.
From the data above, the source text …isak tangis… is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, which is translated into the English target text …sobbing… Thus, an Indonesian nomina majemuk is translated into an English word.Chesterman (2016, p. 93) stated that unit shifts "This is a term from Catford (1965).The units are morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph.A unit shift occurs when a ST unit is translated as a different unit in the TT: … ".Palumbo (2009, p. 15) found that "The category of the unit includes the following elements: sentences, clauses, group, words and morphemes, which are seen form a scale of 'ranks'.Translating a word with a phrase would be an example of a unit shift, …".
Based on the data above, the source text …jalan pintas… is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, which is translated into the English target text …shortcut… Thus, an Indonesian nomina majemuk is translated into an English word.Chesterman (2016, p. 93) stated that unit shifts "This is a term from Catford (1965).The units are morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph.A unit shift occurs when a ST unit is translated as a different unit in the TT: … ".Catford (1965, p. 79) stated that "Unit-Shift.By unit-shift, we mean changes of rank -that is, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL".From the above data, the translator used a unit shift strategy.The phrase …kaus tangan… which is Indonesian nomina majemuk is translated into …gloves….The Indonesian nomina majemuk,s which is from the phrase, is translated into a word; it modifications the unit of the supply text, inclusive of a phrase right into a word, a word right into a clause, and a word right into a phrase.According to Chesterman (2016, p. 93), the unit shift is the term of Catford (1965).The units are morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs.Unit shifts occur when ST units are converted into different units in TT.Meanwhile, Larson (1988, p. 170) pointed out that it is first important for translators to accept the fact that multiple words in the original text may be translated into one word.

The Translation Of Indonesian Nomina Majemuk In The Lelaki Harimau Novel In Distribution Change (Expansion)
Below is the Indonesian nomina majemuk translation with distribution change strategy into English translation and a discussion of Indonesian nomina majemuk.From the data above, the source text …baju lebaran… consist of two words and is translated into …dress for Eidul-Fitr, which is expanded into three words.This translation strategy is called expansion.Chesterman (2016, p. 100) stated that "Distribution change … is a change in the distribution of the "same" semantic components over more items (expansion) or …".According to Nida and Taber (1982, p. 163), "There is a tendency for all good translation to be somewhat longer than the originals".Based on the data above, the source text …Hari Kurban consist of two words and is translated into …Festival of Sacrifice, which is expanded into three words.This translation strategy is called expansion.Chesterman (2016, p. 100) stated that "Distribution change … is a change in the distribution of the "same" semantic components over more items (expansion) or …".Larson (1988, p. 170) found that "… it is essential that the translator accept the fact that a single source language word may be translated by one word or by number of words in the receptor language …".He went to the surau because Komar had been brought there, and took part in the prayers for the dead.
From the data above, the source text …salat jenazah consists of two words and is translated into …prayers for the dead which is expanded into four words.This translation strategy is called expansion.Chesterman (2016, p. 100) stated that "Distribution change … is a change in the distribution of the "same" semantic components over more items (expansion) or …".Crystal (2008, p. 179) found that "expansion.A grammatical process in which new elements are added to a construction without its basic structure being affected …".

Conclusion
In conducting this research, the researcher concentrates on one research problem related to the Indonesian nomina majemuk translation from Indonesian into English.The researcher has given an analysis based on the translation strategies and theory of translations and linguistics.Those analyses have become the solution to the problem/difficulty of this research.The result of this research shows that there are three types of Indonesian nomina majemuk translation strategies in the novel Lelaki Harimau, including literal translation (7), unit shift (4), and distribution change in the expansion (6).In the case of theories, 13 experts' translation theories and 5 experts' linguistics theories have been used.Those theories are similar and support the theory of translation strategy in each data.Translation theories employed by the translator include literal, unit shift, and distribution change.
This research only collected 17 data.The researcher recommends that other researchers be able to collect more than 17 data.Therefore, there might be a larger number of translation strategies, and translation theories applied to analyze the collected data.
Other researchers can take the same research with a different source of data, theories, and designs.Other researchers can also use the result of this research to conduct other research with wider coverage.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The percentage of results.

Table 1 .
Results of the study.

Table 6 .
Datum 5From the data above, the source text …kantung plastik… is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, which is translated into the English target text …plastic bag… Thus, an Indonesian nomina majemuk is the closest grammatical translation of the source text.The translation strategy used is literal.According to Chesterman (2016, p.91) defines, this strategy "… rather loosely, as meaning "maximally close to the SL form, but nevertheless According toLarson (1988, p. 170), "form-based translation attempt to follow the form of the source language and is known as literal translation".

Table 7 .
Datum 6.Based on the data above, the source text …gerbang sekolah… is an Indonesian nomina majemuk, which is translated into the English target text…school gate… Thus, an Indonesian nomina majemuk is the closest grammatical translation of the source text.The translation strategy used is literal.Chesterman (2016, p.91) defines this strategy "… rather loosely, as meaning "maximally close to the SL form, but nevertheless grammatical"".Hatim and Munday (2004, p. 49) found that "Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of an SL text into grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text …".

Table 13 .
Datum 12.Based on the data above, the source text …rasa ajal consists of two words and is translated into …clutch of death, which is expanded into three words.This translation strategy is called expansion.Chesterman (2016, p. 100) stated that "Distribution change … is a change in the distribution of the "same" semantic components over more items (expansion) or …".Crystal (2008, p. 179) said that "expansion.A grammatical process in which new elements are added to a construction without its basic structure being affected …".

Table 14 .
Datum 13.Based on the data above, the translator used a distribution change strategy.The distribution change strategy involves expansion or compression(Chesterman, 2016, p. 100).Expansion is an increase of word elements in TT; for example, from the data above, sapu ijuk is translated into palm leaf broom.It is translated from two words into three words.The element of 'leaf' is added because if it is translated into 'palm broom', it will not be the same meaning.According to Aranda (2007, p. 17), expansion is the use of more words in TT than in ST.Meanwhile, compression is the opposite of expansion.Compression means the pressing of the SL word components, for example, the translation of the word 'automobile' into 'mobil'.Here the word element 'auto' is omitted.So the word 'automobile' is compression.Then, Armstrong (2005, p. 159) stated that A form of compression involves omitting TT elements present in ST.This usually happens when a segment contains unnecessary details that tire the reader or contains information that is culturally difficult to translate accurately.

Table 16 .
Datum 15.From the data above, the source text …kiri kanan… consists of two words and is translated into …right and left… which is expanded into three words.This translation strategy is called expansion.Chesterman (2016, p. 100) stated that "Distribution change … is a change in the distribution of the "same" semantic components over more items (expansion) or …".Hatim and Munday (2004, p.  46)found that "A SL word may have to be expanded into several TL words …".