The Translation Analysis of Illocutionary Change in Jojo Moyes’ The Last Letter from Your Lover Novel Translation into Indonesian

Translation is crucial to effective communication between different languages and conveys meaning from one language to another. It can enlarge knowledge about all languages in all parts of the world. Through the techniques and strategies in the translation, there would be no difficulty in understanding a text in a certain language. In the process of translation, a change in structures or elements of a certain language might exist. The structures in every language are unique, and this is often a challenge fo r a translator to comprehend them. That’s why the researcher is interested in conducting this research. The scope of this research is an Illocutionary change strategy, especially on the application or the changes in the text due to the use of this strategy. This research is conducted to obtain factual data of illocution change in the translation of the sourcebook and analyze the translation results in order to convey the meaning from the source language. The result of this research is crucial to prevent the confusion of understanding the translation result meaning in the target language, especially for the target language readers or learners. Another significance of this research is to add knowledge for those interested in learning the translation. This research uses the qualitative method. The data analysis technique is based on the translation results or the closest equivalence in Indonesian. The results of the analysis show that there is an Illocutionary change strategy that is used by the translator, and certain categories in the translation results are found.


Introduction
Communication is crucial for our lives. Communication is a process where a person or group of people produce and use the information to connect with each other. Communication can be verbal or non-verbal. Verbal communication divides into two-part, namely speaking and writing. In our daily lives, few parts of people in the social environments find it difficult to communicate with each other, especially due to the language difference; therefore, we need a translation. Hatim, B., and Munday, J. (2004) defined translation as "the process of transferring a written text from the source language (SL) to target language (TL)" (p. 6). House, J. (2015) also stated that "Translation can be defined as the result of a linguistic-textual operation in which a text in one language is re-contextualized in another language" (p.2).
Accuracy is essential to a good translation, but it cannot guarantee that a text will be effective (Robinson, D., 2003, p. 11). Therefore a high consideration from the translator is also required, besides the knowledge of text comprehension and the structures of both languages, whether source text or target text. As it is also said by Robinson that Translation is always intelligent behaviour, even when it seems least conscious or analytical. The translation is a highly complicated process requiring rapid multilayered analyses of semantic fields, syntactic structures, the sociology and psychology of reader-or listener response, and cultural difference (Robinson, D., 2003, p. 50) A translator often finds it difficult to translate certain sentences due to the differences in the language structure between English and Indonesian. Translation requires a high comprehension both in the source text and in the target text and requires certain consideration to produce a high quality of translation results. Therefore, a translator should use certain strategies. One of the strategies which can be used by the translator is the Illocutionary change strategy. Chesterman, A. (2016) in Memes of Translation stated that "Illocutionary changes (changes of the speech act) are usually linked with other strategies too, for instance, changing the mood of the verb from indicative to imperative … also involves an illocutionary change from statement to request" (p. 107). This is why the researcher is interested in conducting research on the application of using illocutionary change. This study aims at acquiring information about the translation result using illocutionary change.
Often it is difficult to have the exact meaning or equivalence of certain English text in Indonesian. Therefore, the translator uses the closest equivalence in order to convey the same meaning of the source text into the target text. Cruse said that "Propositional equivalence between two sentences can be straightforwardly defined as mutual entailment. That is, in effect, equivalent to saying that the two sentences always express the same proposition (provided, of course, that corresponding definite referring expressions are co-referential)" (Cruse, A., 2000, p. 30).
"As well as the conventional meaning of words, each language also employs conventionalized expressions and patterns of conveying implicatures. In other words, in every language, there will be conventional associations between certain linguistic patterns and certain inferable meanings" (Baker, M., 2018, p. 245). Robinson, D. (2003), in his book Becoming a Translator, said that …seeing equivalence as something the translator strives for helps the linguistically oriented scholar focus on the complex process by which an individual translator determines what equivalence in this specific case might be, how the translator "constructs" equivalence as an ideal to strive for (p. 149).

Literature Review
A language is the particular form of verbal communication used by a specific group of speakers (Jackson & Stockwell, 2011, p. 3). They also said that it is defined in part by the particular characteristics of its pronunciation, grammatical structure and vocabulary. Every language has certain rules in the structure. For example, in English, the language structure is ruled by grammar. Grammar affects the translation of English into Indonesian toward the meaning. There are various elements related to grammar, which will be explained furthermore.

Sentence.
A set of words that is complete in itself, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command. There are two kinds of sentences, namely simple sentence and complex sentence, as is described in the following explanation:

Simple sentence
A simple sentence is a sentence that contains only a single independent clause. A sentence, whether short or long, must express a complete idea; and a complete sentence must consist of at least one independent clause-that is, a subject and predicate that make a complete thought. Independent clauses are so-called because they make sense when they stand on their own. They are also sometimes referred to as "main clauses." (Herring, 2016, pp. 963-964).

Complex sentence
A complex sentence is a sentence that comprises one independent clause (or main clause) and one or more dependent clauses (or subordinate clauses). Herring also stated about the complex sentence that the complex sentence used to indicate a specific relationship between two ideas and to clarify which of the two is more important (Herring, 2016, p. 977).

Clause
This is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb and forms part of a sentence. There are two main types of clauses, namely, independent clause, which functions as the main clause in a sentence and can stand independently as a sentence. That is why Herring stated that "A single independent clause is known as a simple sentence. It contains a subject and a predicate, each of which can have modifiers". Another clause type is the dependent clause, which is also called a subordinate clause. Herring also added that a dependent clause is a clause that relies on the information from an independent clause to form a complete, logical thought. As such, it cannot stand on its own to form a sentence (Herring, 2016, pp. 938-939).

Phrase
This is a group of words forming a unit within a sentence. The constituents which function as elements of clause structure are either phrases or subordinate clauses (Quirk, R. et al., 1985, p. 60). Grammatical phrases are groups of two or more words that work together to perform a single grammatical function in a sentence. Further, Herring (2016, pp. 899-906) proposed types of phrases that is formed from a part of speech, namely noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial phrase, prepositional phrase, gerund phrase, infinitive phrase, participle phrase, phrases within phrases, absolute phrases, and appositive phrases.

Word
This is a unit of language which has meaning and is used with others to form sentences. Word is divided into various classes, which are described by Herring (2016, pp. 15-563) as noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, and conjunction.
The sentence structure in Indonesian has its own characteristics, as described as follows: Hasan et al. (1992) stated about the sentence that "Kalimat umumnya berwujud rentetan kata yang disusun sesuai dengan kaidah yang berlaku" (p. 35). The words that consist in the sentence must follow the language structure rules. Every word or phrase in the sentence has a function that relates them with other words or phrases in the sentence. The function has a syntactic character which means it has a relation with the order of words or phrases in the sentence. The main syntactic function in the Indonesian language is a verb, subject, object, and adverb. Besides that, there are other functions such as attributive, coordinate, and subordinate. The sentence consists of a clause called a single sentence, which consists of one verb or consider as one because it is a compound verb; meanwhile compound sentence consists of more than one clause. Therefore it has at least two verbs that cannot be put together into a sentence.

Clause
The basic structure of the sentence consists of a clause that at least consists of the subject and the verb.

Word
Word is a unit of language which has meaning and is used to form a phrase, clause, or sentence. A word consists of one or two morphemes, which is divided into morfem bebas and morfem terikat. as it is stated by Hasan et al. (1992) that "Morfem yang dapat berdiri sendiri, seperti "besar", dinamakan morfem bebas, sedangkan yang melekat pada bentuk lain, seperti "mem-" dan "per-", dinamakan morfem terikat" (p. 29). Therefore, It is concluded that a morpheme itself has been in the form of a word, but a word can consist of one or more morphemes. Word can also be distinguished based on the syntactic categories. These categories are commonly referred to as category or word class. There are 4 main syntactic categories:

Nomina
Dari segi semantis, kita dapat mengatakan bahwa nomina adalah kata yang mengacu pada manusia, binatang, benda, dan konsep atau pengertian (Hasan et al., 1992, p. 213). It is stated that nomina or noun refers to living creatures, things, or concepts. Nomina tends to have function as subject, object, or adverb in the sentence that has a verb. Nomina has the compound form namely nomina majemuk. Stated by Hasan et al. (1992) that "…makna nomina majemuk masih dapat ditelusuri secara langsung dari katakata yang digabungkan" (p. 241). Nomina majemuk is the compound form of two words of which each meaning can be traced directly from each word which is combined.

Adjektiva
Adjektiva is kind of word that gives specific information about what it is stated by the nomina in the sentence. According to Hasan et al. (1992) "Adjektiva adalah kata yang memberikan keterangan yang lebih khusus tentang sesuatu yang dinyatakan oleh nomina dalam kalimat" (p. 171). Adjektiva is also can be functioned as verb and adverb in the sentence. The compound form of adjektiva also exist in Indonesian, namely adjektiva majemuk. Adjektiva yang merupakan bentuk majemuk ada yang merupakan gabungan morfem terikat dengan morfem bebas, dan ada yang merupakan gabungan dua morfem bebas (atau lebih) (Hasan et al., 1992, p. 192). Adjectiva majemuk is the compound form that both of the words produce adjektiva and it is consist of either bound morpheme with free morpheme or it is consists of two or more free morphemes.

Adverbia
According to Hasan et al. (1992), "Adverbia adalah kata yang menjelaskan verba, adjektiva, atau adverbia lain" (p. 197). Generally, the word or part of the sentence that is referred to by adverbia functions as a verb, but adverbia can also be referred to as a word or part of a sentence that does not function as a verb.

Verba
Verba has main function as the verb or as the point of the verb in the sentence, although it also has another function, according to Hasan et al. (1992) that "Verba memiliki fungsi utama sebagai predikat atau sebagai inti predikat dalam kalimat walaupun dapat juga mempunyai fungsi lain" (p. 87). Beside verba, there is also verba majemuk. Verba majemuk formed by combination process of one word with another, that creates meaning which can be traced from each meaning of those words. This combination is called pemajemukan and the result is verba majemuk.
To communicate, we must express propositions with a particular illocutionary force, and in so doing, we perform particular kinds of action such as stating, promising, warning, and so on, which have come to be called speech acts (Cruse, 2000, p. 331). A speech act is also part of the language. The study of speech acts is a branch of the philosophy of language and linguistics that has improved.
Cruse, A. (2000) also stated that "It is, however, important to distinguish between three sorts of things that one is doing in the course of producing an utterance. These are usually distinguished by the terms locutionary acts, perlocutionary acts, and illocutionary acts" (p. 331). Cruse (2000) said that locutionary acts were explained by Austin (1962) as follows: The utterance of certain noises . . . certain words in certain construction, and the utterance of them with a certain sense and a certain reference. According to Cruse (2000), Perlocutionary acts are acts performed by means of language, using language as a tool. Meanwhile, Illocutionary acts are acts that are internal to the locutionary act, in the sense that, if the contextual conditions are appropriate, once the locutionary act has been performed, so has the illocutionary act (pp. 331-332).
In translation, illocutionary change is one of the strategies proposed by Andrew Chesterman. According to Chesterman, A. (2016), "Illocutionary changes (changes of the speech act) are usually linked with other strategies too" (p. 107). the difference structure between English and Indonesian create the possibility of illocutionary change.

Methodology
The researcher conducts a Descriptive Analytical Study and uses the qualitative research method. The researcher describes how the translation result is using illocutionary change into Indonesian, with a different language structure between English and Indonesian. The qualitative research method is used as the researcher analyzes the strategy which is used by the translator in translating English text into Indonesian. In the qualitative research method, the process of the translation using illocutionary change strategy into Indonesian is described. The researcher is using random sampling as the sampling technique. The researcher takes 10 data which is using illocutionary changes as samples. Further, the researcher analyses the translation process using illocutionary change strategy and how the result is in Indonesian as the target language.

Results and Discussion
The findings show that there are 10 English sentences translated into Indonesian which is using illocutionary change strategy as in the table below.

Table 1. Data of sentences using illocutionary change strategy English text Translation result
The researcher categorized the data into 5 categories based on the translation results. There is a change of speech mood from the source text into the target text. In the source text, sentence forms are imperative. In the target text, the sentences become interrogative in order to make the emphasis more firm. The word …Please… in the source text indicates that the sentence form is imperative. Despite the form of imperative, the word pleased used a marker of politeness, indicating something about how the speech act is performed, including the kind of social relationship that the writer wishes to maintain with the reader. The imperative sentence in the source text changes into an affirmative sentence in the target text.
From the sample, a change in the speech mood occurs from the form affirmative in the source text into the imperative form in the target text. In the source text, the sentences are in the form of affirmative. The translator changes them into interrogative to convey the meaning more firmly.

Conclusion
From the translation analysis using illocutionary change strategy, the researcher found few categories of speech mood change.
The researcher concludes that there are 5 categories of changes in the speech mood. In category 1, there is a change in the speech mood into exclamation in the target text from an interrogative form in the source text. In category 2, The change of speech mood occurs from the imperative in the source text into interrogative in the target text. In category 3, there is also a change from imperative into the affirmative. Whereas in category 4, the change of speech mood occurs from the form affirmative in the source text into the imperative form in the target text, and in category 5, the speech mood is changed from affirmative in the source text into an interrogative.
From the translation results, the researcher noticed that the translator use the domestication method as it emphasizes the target text reader's understanding, and the translator use a biased approach as it tends to protect the reader from the interlingual and intercultural complications (helper-strategy) or to educate the reader by providing additional information and extending the text in translation (en lightener-strategy).
The researcher expects this study to be useful for those translation readers, learners, or other next researchers to add more knowledge about translation, especially the translation of illocutionary change. Furthermore, to increase prospects for the development of research and further relevant research that will be the next study.