Analysis of Code Mixing in Jerome Polin Youtube Content “Nihongo Mantappu”

Received: 08 October 2021 Accepted: 14 november 2021 Published: 07 December 2021 DOI: 10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.12.1 Jerome Polin Sijabat is an Indonesian YouTuber. Jerome Polin is known after starting a YouTube channel called Nihongo Mantappu, which shares his personal life in Japan. Apart from speaking Indonesian, Jerome Polin also uses other languages, such as English and Japanese. Jerome Polin's mastery of the language causes code-mixing in the video. This study describes the forms of code-mixing and the factors that cause code-mixing in videos on Jerome Polin's YouTube channel. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a sample of conversational quotations. The data collection technique used is the listening method using note-taking techniques and freeinvolved-talk listening techniques. The results showed that the forms of code-mixing insertion in Jerome Polin's YouTube video include elements of words, phrases, and clauses. The types of code-mixing in Jerome Polin's YouTube videos are outer codemixing. KEYWORDS


Introduction 1
Language is an exciting entity to be studied and questioned. Its existence which is vital to civilization though often underestimated makes it necessary to decide right or wrong. Language is a means of conveying messages from articulators to auditors Siregar, (2021, p. 54). Mastery of the language of someone more than two languages or more tends to mix code when speaking. Indonesian society as a bilingual society can master two or more languages and be multilingual. Sociolinguistically, bilingualism is generally defined as using two or more languages by a speaker in their interactions with other people in turn (Mackey in Chair and Agustina, 2010, p. 87). In Indonesia, bilingualism is also called bilingualism (Chaer and Agustina, 2010, p. 85). According to Tarigan (2009), bilingualism means people who can speak fluently alternately in two or more languages. In addition to regional languages and Indonesian, there are also foreign languages, such as English, Korean, and Japanese. In certain situations, a person or community group uses more than one language for various purposes interchangeably or mixed.
Today's developments provide convenience for humans with technological sophistication. It is easier for humans to recognize other languages and apply them to life to find code-mixing events anywhere. Code-mixing events are often encountered between speakers and speech partners in everyday life, both in writing and orally. If you pay close attention, code-mixing events can be seen both through electronic media and print media. Code-mixing events can be found in real-life conversations and cyberspace, such as social media.
The sophistication of technology in this day and age has given rise to various social media to make it easier to interact. There are social media that provide information in the form of videos, such as YouTube. YouTube creators are known as YouTubers. Each YouTuber has the freedom to his videos. This freedom is in the form of choosing the theme and language used. One of the most famous YouTubers in Indonesia is Jerome Polin. In his video content, Jerome often makes vlogs on how to learn Japanese, mathematics, and his daily life in Japan through education inserted in a comedy. In general, code-mixing is known as using elements from one language that are inserted into another language. Code mixing can also occur due to language limitations (in that language, there is no appropriate equivalent). It causes a speaker to use another language to explain what he means. The cause of code-mixing is the absence of expressions contained in the language that is being used. When writing, the writing of a foreign language is stated by italicizing, bolding, and underlining the relevant foreign language word or phrase.
New research is worth doing if it touches at least one of these two traits: urgent and interesting Siregar et al., (2021, p. 51). This research is necessary to study because it can identify the forms of code-mixing insertion and the factors that cause code-mixing. So, it can make future researchers use this research as a reference. In addition, researchers are interested in researching codemixing on YouTube because some Indonesian people and even children today watch shows, cartoons, and so on through YouTube. Researchers also assume that there is still much code-mixing in YouTube content that should be investigated further.
Based on the above background, the purpose of this study is to describe the forms of code-mixing insertion and the factors behind the code-mixing of videos on Jerome Polin's YouTube channel. In addition, this research helps understand the field of sociolinguistic studies, especially code-mixing. It is expected to be used as a reference for further research.

Literature Reviews
One of the bilingual phenomena is code-mixing. Code mixing is the dominant use of a language in speech, then inserted with other language elements. Nababan (2014) describes the notion of code-mixing as the mixing of two or more languages in the act of language without any situation requiring such mixing. In addition, the mixing of languages is caused by the casualness or habit of the speaker and usually occurs in informal situations. Kridalaksana (2008, p. 40) states that code-mixing uses language units from one language to another to expand language style or a variety of language, including words, clauses, idioms, and greetings.
Meanwhile, Sumarsono (2002) states that code-mixing occurs when speakers insert other language elements while using a particular language. For example, when speaking Indonesian, someone includes elements of English. Based on the expert opinion above, it can be concluded that code-mixing is the use of two or more languages in the interaction of speakers in situations that require mixing the code.
In a conversation, it is called a speech event if it meets the requirements of the SPEAKING speech component. Dell Hymes in Chaer and Agustina (2010, p. 48-49) suggests several component factors of speech events abbreviated as SPEAKING (Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequences, Key, Instrumentalities, Norm of interaction and interpretation, and Genres). Setting and scene relating to the setting of time, place, and psychological situation in the speech. Participants are related to speakers and interlocutors in an utterance. Ends relating to the intent and purpose of the utterance. Act Sequences relating to the form and content of utterances used in speech. Critical related to tone or manner of speech. Instrumentalities related to the language path used in the speech process. Norm of Interaction and Interpretation relating to the rules of interaction and interpretation. Genres are related to the form and type of delivery of discourse.
There are three types of code-mixing, namely inner code-mixing, outer code-mixing, and hybrid code-mixing. According to Suandi (2014, p. 140-141), inner code-mixing is a code-mixing that absorbs elements of the original language that are still related. Outer code-mixing is code-mixing that absorbs elements of the original language. Foreign language elements and hybrid code-mixing (perhaps clauses or sentences) have absorbed the original language (regional languages) and foreign languages. Furthermore, Suandi (2014, p. 143─146) found the factors causing code-mixing, namely 1) limited use of codes; 2) use of more popular terms; 3) speaker and personal speaker; 4) talking partner; 5) place of residence and time of the discussion; 6) talk mode; 7) topics; 8) function and purpose; 9) variety and level of speech; 10) the presence of a third speaker; 11) keynote speaker; 12) to evoke a sense of humor, and 13) for mere prestige.

Research Methodology
This research is a descriptive study using qualitative methods, namely by describing the findings in analytical data analysis based on research findings. According to Sugiyono (2016, p. 9), the descriptive qualitative method is a research method based on the philosophy of postpositivism used to examine the condition of natural objects (as opposed to experiments). Based on it, the researcher is the key instrument of data collection techniques carried out by triangulation (combined), data analysis is inductive or qualitative, and the results of qualitative research emphasize meaning rather than generalizations. This qualitative descriptive study aims to explain the forms of code-mixing insertion and the factors that cause code-mixing on Jerome Polin's YouTube content "Nihongo Mantappu." The data collection technique used to obtain the data in this research is the free-of-conversation listening technique and the notetaking technique. Sudaryanto (2015, p. 204) states that the free-of-conversation listening technique is a data collection technique that positions the researcher not to be involved in the research dialogue or conversation. The free-of-conversation listening technique is carried out by observing the use of language in Jerome Polin's YouTube video, which contains elements of codemixing as research data. After making observations, it was followed by a note-taking technique by recording the speech in Jerome Polin's YouTube video containing code-mixing.
The data source in this study is a video from Jerome Polin's YouTube account page named Nihongo Mantappu. Data collection can be done using primary and secondary sources. The primary data of this research is the language code mixing used in the video on Jerome Polin's YouTube channel "Nihongo Manttappu." Four videos are used for this research with different themes, and the videos will be published in 2021. Meanwhile, the secondary data of this research are the results of previous research and books on sociolinguistics.

Results and Discussions
Inward code-mixing is sourced from the local native language used and all variations of the language. At the same time, outward code-mixing comes from a foreign language that is not the speaker's primary language. In this research, there is an outer codemixing. This research was obtained from a video entitled "Ekstrim Tapi Seru! Wasedaboys Main di Sungai Arus Deras Jepang", "Ayam Goreng Legendaris Tahun 1959! Dari Luar Keliatan Kecil, Pas Masuk..", "24 Jam Makan Diatur Roulette (Spinner Wheel) Kacau Banget", and "Bikin Makanan Khas Lebaran (Opor, Rendang) Bareng Wasedaboys".
According to Suwito (1985, p. 78-80), based on the linguistic elements involved in code-mixing, it can be divided into inserting elements in the form of words, inserting elements in phrases, and inserting elements in the form of clauses. The data found in the outer code-mixing are in the form of 9 verbs (verb), two nouns (noun), one adjective (adjective), four phrases, and four clauses.

Code Mixed Insertion Forms
The type of language code-mixing that occurs in Jerome Polin's YouTube conversation is outer code-mixing. In the external codemixing, there are two foreign languages, namely English and Japanese. In the following, the author will describe the forms of codemixing insertion contained in Jerome Polin's YouTube content "Nihongo Mantappu."

Factors Causing Outward Code Mixing
In the following, the author will describe the factors causing the outer code-mixing contained in Jerome Polin's YouTube content "Nihongo Mantappu." There is an outward code-mixing in the speech above. The speaker inserts Japanese, namely konbini, which means mini market. The utterance is included in the verb. The insertion occurs because of the speaker's background, namely being able to use Indonesian and Japanese. Therefore, the character mixed the code. This story happened when Jerome Polin and his friends bought breakfast at the mini-market before leaving for their summer trip. Then, Jerome Polin mixed the code because of the character's background, who mastered Indonesian and Japanese.

Code mixing with the Insertion of Elements in the Form of Words
"Hari ini akhirnya kita activity lagi" (NM/ET/22.09. 21) In the speech above, there is outward code-mixing where the speaker inserts English, namely activity which has the meaning of activity. The code-mixing above occurs because of the popularity of the words used by speakers. The word activity is more popular than activity. This utterance is the same as the previous utterance. Just different in time. The previous utterance occurred when they had not yet departed, while this utterance occurred when they arrived at the place. Jerome Polin and his friends are thrilled because they can go outside again.
"Memakai swim suit yak" (NM/ET/22.09. 21) In the speech above, there is mixed code to the outside by inserting English, namely swim suit, which means swimwear. The utterance occurs because of linguistic factors. The speaker has mastered a foreign language, one of which is English. This utterance occurred when Jerome Polin and his friends wore swimsuits dan. They started playing canyoning, exploring rivers, canyons, and waterfalls.
"Tomohiro ganbatte! 頑張って ya" (NM/ET/22.09. 21) In the speech above, there is a code-mixing out where the speaker inserts Japanese, namely ganbatte, which means spirit. The factor that causes the speech above is that the speaker wants to adjust to the other person's language. This story happened when Jerome Polin encouraged his friends and other visitors passing through the narrow streets to get to the river. It was at that moment that the code-mixing occurred because Jerome Polin adjusted his interlocutor.
"Woho, tanoshi sou たのし そう" (NM/ET/22.09. 21) In the speech above, there is a code-mixing out where the speaker inserts Japanese, namely tanoshi sou, which means it looks like fun. The cause of the above speech is the same as the previous speech because of the speaker's desire to make adjustments to the interlocutor. The situation in this story occurs when Jerome Polin and his friends are playing with the current in the river, feel delightful and excited because they enjoy the game. There is an outward code-mixing in the speech above where the speaker inserts Japanese, namely kai ni ikimashou, which means let us go. The cause of the above speech is the background factor of speakers who master the Japanese language. This story happened when Jerome Polin and his friends were doing a challenge in the spinner wheel where they arranged breakfast, lunch, and dinner with the spinner wheel. Code mixing occurs because of speakers who master the Japanese language.
"Onigiri おにぎりdulu kali ya" (NM/24J/03.09. 21) In the speech above, there is a code-mixing outside where the speaker inserts Japanese, namely Onigiri and itadakimasu いただき ます which means rice balls and happy eating. The cause of the above speech is the same as the previous speech because of the background factor of the speaker, who is a native Japanese. This story happened when Jerome Polin and his friends wanted to eat the breakfast they had bought at 7-Eleven. The code-mixing occurred when Jerome Polin told him that the onigiri or rice balls were eaten first.
"Katte kimashita かって きました makan siang" (NM/24J/03.09. 21) In the speech above, there is a code-mixing outside where the speaker inserts Japanese, namely Katte kimashita, which means already bought. Factors that cause the occurrence of the above speech are the time of the conversation. The situation of this speech occurred in the living room after Jerome Polin and his friends came home from 7-Eleven to buy lunch, and the code-mixing occurred.
"Selamat makan, guys" (NM/BM/27.04.21) There is a mixed code in the speech above where the speaker inserts English, namely guys, which means friends. Factors causing code-mixing to the outside above are due to the use of famous words. The word "guys" sounds more popular than "friends." This utterance occurred when Jerome Polin and his friends finished cooking the chicken opor and were ready to eat, so there was a code-mixing in the sentence above.

B) Nouns
"Ternyata hiroi 広い lho" (NM/AG/22.09. 21) In the speech above, there is a code-mixing outside where the speaker inserts Japanese, namely hiroi, which has a broad meaning. The cause of the above speech is due to the factor of the place of the conversation. This situation occurred when Jerome Polin and his friends arrived at the fried chicken restaurant. They were surprised because the place to eat was wide when the speakers mixed the code using Japanese.
"Umasouうまそう banget asli" (NM/AG/22.09. 21) In the speech above, there is a code-mixing outside where the speaker inserts Japanese, namely Umasouうまそう, which means to look good. The factors that cause the speech above are the same as the previous speech because of the linguistic factor-the speaker's desire to explain the meaning or interpret something. The situation in this speech is the same as before, at a place to eat fried chicken. Because the food that arrived looked delicious, Jerome Polin and his friends could not wait to try it, so the codemixing above happened. There is a code-mixing outside in the speech above where the speaker uses English, namely juicy, which means watery. The word belongs to the adjective. The factor causing the code-mixing is the linguistic factor because of the speaker's desire to tell the interlocutor. This utterance occurs when the speaker asks his friend, Tomo. Then the character Tomo praised the food there was delicious. The chicken thigh meat was juicy, or in Indonesian, it means juicy. There is code-mixing in the sentence above.

Code Mixing with the Insertion of Elements that are in the Form of Phrases
"Parah banget pagi-pagi makan dessert 2 kali!" (NM/24J/03.09. 21) In the speech above, there is mixed code to the outside by inserting English, namely dessert, which in Indonesian means dessert. The factor causing this code-mixing is the time the conversation takes place, meaning that the code-mixing occurs influenced by the time of the speech. The occurrence of this speech is the same as with speech that lies in the verb. When Jerome Polin and his friends were doing the challenges in the spinner wheel, this incident happened the next day when Jerome Polin got dessert or breakfast, and there was a code-mixing.
"Aku pertama kali nyobain sūpu スープ ini" (NM/24J/03.09. 21) In the speech above, there is mixed code to the outside by inserting Japanese, namely sūpu which in Indonesian means soup. The factor causing the code-mixing is the same as in the previous speech, namely the linguistic factor. Because the speaker wants to explain something, it can also be one of the factors behind the speaker mixing the code. The situation of this speech is still the same as the previous story, where Jerome Polin did the challenges contained in the spinner wheel with his friends. Jerome Polin had a soup lunch, and it was the first time I tried it, and it was delicious. So, there was a mix of Indonesian and Japanese codes.
"Oke, Gochisou samadeshita ごちそう さま でした" (NM/24J/03.09. 21) In the speech above, there is a code-mixing outside where the speaker inserts Japanese, namely Gochisou samadeshita, which means thanks for the food. The reason for the occurrence of the above speech is because the speaker is a native Japanese. This story happened when Jerome Polin's friend, Tomo, ended the challenge in the spinner wheel in the morning. Because they will continue at lunch. When talking to the camera, that is where the code-mixing happens.
"Aku pilih yaki purin やきプリン" (NM/24J/03.09. 21) In the speech above, there is a code-mixing outside where the speaker inserts Japanese, namely yaki purin, which means baked pudding. The factors causing the occurrence of the speech above are the same as the previous speech. The insertion occurs because of the speaker's background, namely being able to use Indonesian and Japanese. This utterance is still the same as the previous utterance. However, this story happened when Jerome Polin and his friends were at 7-Eleven to buy lunch. His friend, Yusuke, gets a lunch of yaki purin, which in Indonesian means grilled pudding. So, there is an utterance in the sentence above.

Code Mixing the Insertion of the Elements in the Form of a Clause
"Potongnya chi chaiちちゃい ya" (NM/BM/27.04. 21) In the above speech, there is mixed code to the outside by inserting Japanese, namely chi chaiちちゃい. The factors causing the occurrence of the above speech are function and purpose factors. In the sentence, there are expressions related to goals, such as commanding. The situation that occurred in the story above was when Jerome Polin and his friends were in the kitchen cooking rendang because they were celebrating Eid. The code-mixing occurred when Jerome Polin ordered Tomo to cut the meat into small pieces. That is where the code-mixing happens.
"Pertama, Niku o tsuika suru 肉を追加する" (NM/BM/27.04. 21) In the speech above, there is a code-mixing outside by inserting Japanese, namely, adding meat. The factor causing the codemixing is because the background of the speaker's attitude is native Japanese. This situation is still the same as what previously happened in the kitchen because it is cooking rendang. The atmosphere in this situation is that his friends feel happy because they can cook exceptional Eid food for Muslims in Indonesia. In the speech above, there is mixed code to the outside by inserting Japanese, namely Mizu o kuwaeru, which means add water. The causes of code-mixing above are the same as in the previous speech, namely the function and purpose factors. Because in the sentence above, there are expressions related to goals. The situation in this story was the same as the previous one when Jerome Polin and his friends were cooking rendang, and they seemed to enjoy every cooking process. So, there is code-mixing. There is a mixed code in the speech above where the speaker inserts English, namely pedas, which in Indonesian means spicy. The factors causing the occurrence of the speech above are the same as in the previous speech, namely the function and purpose factors. Because this character tells his friends that the food he wants to eat looks spicy, this speech is still the same as the previous one. It is just that the scene is different. This story takes place in the living room. Since Jerome Polin and his friends had finished cooking rendang and chicken opor, it was time for them to taste the food. That is where there is a mixing of Indonesian and English codes carried out by speakers.