The Theme of Loneliness and Perseverance in Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and ‘The Wall’

The current research has been developed to conduct a comparative analysis between the writings of Daniel Defoe and Marlene Haushofer. Each of the writing has been developed to highlight the various factors of life like society, individuality, isolation, and loneliness. In his writing, Daniel Defoe’s showed how people could take the driving position of life for control over loneliness. On the other hand, Marlene Haushofer in her writing showed the interconnection between modernized lifestyle and developing chances of loneliness. Both of the writers by their writing explore and depict the consequences and probability of different livelihoods. Research has been developed in the form so that the reason and the way of getting solutions over it will be in aligned form. Maintaining the logical sequences in the research work is essential to establish authenticity in research work. It enhances the reliability of the research result. Descriptive research methodology has been used in the research to understand the scope of progressing research work efficiency. Data collection has been done considering the secondary method. The research paper has been reviewed thoroughly to better understand the narrative style and the theme of writing. After the collection has been made, all of the data has been monitored to check their impact on the practical life of the individual. Research result has been provided with the multiple scopes for solution implication. Self-help along with professional scope has been analysed to make the conclusion more informative. The tracking and monitoring process has been highlighted in the discussion part to highlight the implication scope for health workers. On the other hand, it has provided hope for self-monitoring in terms of self-help to get better access to their lives. Phenomenological impact and personality resilience have been monitored to evaluate their impact in developing the consequences of loneliness in individual life. From the research analysis and findings, it has been concluded that self-monitoring and a suitable living environment are the best options to eradicate the chances of loneliness development. inner tension through Wall”.


Introduction 1 1.1 Background
The current discussion is about the loneliness and perseverance depth in the novel Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. The reason for highlighting these factors is mainly because of giving priority to the real-life experiences of individuals. From the thematic analysis, it has been observed that individuality and society are the most discussed elements in Daniel Defoe's writing. On the other hand, Marlene Haushofer explored existential loneliness in the modern lifestyle. Both of the writing literature explored the different aspects of the development of loneliness in the individual. Their writing power has researched existing parameters like family, society, individuality, and their impact on loneliness.

Significance
As the discussion and analysis have been developed over the writing literature of Daniel Defoe and Marlene Haushofer. The reason for integrating their writing as a discussion alignment is because their writings are based on real-life experiences. Indepth analysis has been developed to understand the internal connection of their writing elements and individual personality. The presence of the practical impact from the current discussion will develop the future scope of a better understanding of human psychology and its different angles. Identification of the scope like human life survival is essential to research that will give the improved connectivity between society and their human life existing rate.

Literature Review 2.1 Analysis of the loneliness and Society Connection with the Concept of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe
Robinson Crusoe is one of the famous novels of Daniel Defoe's that shows the stress of individuals within a society. The novel starts with a breakaway of Robinson from his family and middle-class society where he was surviving his life. The constraints of English society and the life arranged by his father should be imposed on him if he were to stay at home. Over the family and society, Robinson prioritizes his sense of individuality and avoids society's constraints and family discipline. Robinson is willing to get things in front of him when he finds himself stuck alone on his island. On the island, his life was completely different from the society in fulfilling the small needs he had to compete with nature (LitCharts, 2021). From the individual perspective, he learns to survive alone with his circumstances, become self-sufficient, and discover the ingenuity he was unknown about. It can be easily said that the personality of Robinson became better after getting separated from society.
Separation from society and family leads him to come closer to God as on the island, he was living life without any sin. The attraction towards the mortal things ended after he became separated from society and he makes harvests and hunts only when required, which keeps him away from the thought of greed. As he was alone from the society he was away from any kind of lust or pride (LitCharts, 2021). Robinson liked his life that was spent on the island and in the novel, there is not mentioned that either he is interested in returning to society or not. Returning to England caused him to suffer from worry and stress such as issues of money and property. Being an individual personality, Robinson learned various things and became self-sufficient to handle the struggle against nature. However, valuing individuality over society raises some problems with Robinson as he values his liberty and does not care and values that of others. He did not like to become slaves and never showed any respect for them. Being an individual personality made him emotionless, which can be seen from the emotionless explanation of his wife's death at the end of the novel. LitCharts (2021) mentioned that the narcissistic style of Robinson could be related to the maltreatment of others done by Robinson. In the end, Robinson returns to society and turns his individualism's haven into a society. In the beginning, he rejected society's claim regarding the favour of individuality, and eventually, he tried to balance both individuality and society.

Discussion over the Loneliness and Society Connection with the Concept of the Wall by Marlene Haushofer
The Wall is one of the dystopian novels of Marlene Haushofer that describes survival, self-renewal, and the capacity to love. The story is about a middle-aged anonymous woman who has spent more than two years of her life in the forests. At the beginning of the novel, it can be found that the women went to the mountain with friends to spend a weekend at Hugo's hunting lodge. However, she parted from her friends and they popped down to the village for a meal and did not return. She looked for friends and found an invisible wall had barred the path. From the wall, she was able to see the farmer, his wife, and the cattle in frozen form. On the other side of the wall, she found all animal life had died. This allows the women to survive alone with particular circumstances (Radhika, 2021). She started to survive her life with fewer resources and started living her life with her animals. Lynk and Bella were the animals belonging to the dog. Cow and bullock were Bella's calf.
With the animal, the woman started to live in isolation, where she discovered the new potential in her and discovered a new life. She came to the mountains to seem trivial and pointless and experienced a new life completely different from her previous life. In the beginning, she was experiencing unfamiliar inner peace while building her life on the mountain (Spice, 2021). The writer has tried to show the existential loneliness of the modern individual. The life of the woman succumbed to rigour mortis and separated her from the rest of the world's transparent, impenetrable wall. After releasing her isolation, she started hunting and killing animals for her food. Her demands for surviving life get reduced and limited to the only fulfilment of the basic requirements. She started writing about her existence and her isolated life on the mountain. The inner tension of the protagonist has been shown through "The Wall".
Women struggled with her creatures for her existence on the mountain. The greed and the attachment of the women gradually detached from society and learned to be self-sufficient. Women not only thought about their survival, however, but she also focused on the survival of her cats and cows. Women learned to milk animals for feeding themselves. She started to find a patch of land where she can grow beans and potatoes. All these works are difficult for her as she has never done this before. However, the situation made her stronger and her love for the animals has been shown in the novel (Radhika, 2021).

Identification of the Loneliness Impact on the Survival Standard
At present multiple writing research and survey work have been developed to cover up the issues that are linked with human life quality degradation. The main highlight has been given over the factor of loneliness because it has serious consequences on the survival rate.

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Decreasing Living Quality Social support and increasing loneliness have a direct connection. The living environment is an essential parameter that has an impact on the quality standard (Olaya et al., 2017). According to the human psychology concept, humans are social creatures; they did not know the way of survival loneliness that creates the extra burden over their life. Report of survival rate with low surrounding and maximum loneliness rate is 21%. Continuation of this phase resulted in physical inactiveness and the willingness to survive has started to fall. Writing Daniel Defoe's highlighted that survival and overcoming loneliness is an art that needs to be learned by every individual. As the novel character, Robinson Crusoe represents living life by complete detachment from the family and overcoming one's mental Strom by self-choices.

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Cognitive Imbalance At the current stage, loneliness is not only a particular age or community problem it has reached global concern. People with loneliness concern started to face different psychological ups and downs that affect the quality of living. The consequences are different in different individuals, some are suffering the phases of anxiety, and some fall in the depressive stage (Yanguas et al., 2018). 34% of the world has been suffering from psychological stress and the rate of their developing tendency of associated morbidity is increasing rapidly. Daniel Defoe and Marlene Haushofer's writing also provides a way of overcoming the phases of loneliness at the initial stage of experiences. Some case reports showed that those people who started to implicate the various ways of solving the inner storms get the way of survival. •

Increasing Rate of Morbidity
The presence or development of long-term loneliness in the individual affects the psychological state and developed associated health hazards. Increasing blood pressure, insomnia and inactiveness affect the cognitive skill of the individual. As a consequence inability of taking decisions and the normal thinking capability of the individual diminish. The depletion level of the cognitive skill makes the situation dependent on the lifestyle of the individual. Increasing the dependency level for survival develops the chances of insecurity and self-doubt in the affected individual. Without early monitoring of this phase will develop the risk for survival. Reviewing the mortality rate of loneliness consequences possesses the serious consideration of the human psychology for increasing survival rate. •

Social Isolation and Increasing Insecurity
There is a thin line between self-isolation and social isolation and their impact on human psychology. The impact of affecting the rate of social isolation on human psychology may vary (Hoogendijk et a., 2020). The most affected human group are the old ones and that increases the scope of increased mortality rate. The discussion has been developed in writings, debates, and scientific debates over the social isolation consequences. Human psychology data showed that it directly increases the insecurity in the individual. The scope of self-development and growth becomes vulnerable and it increases the mortality rate in later life. Balancing between human life and the way of living is required in every stage of life so that people can have control over it. Otherwise, the probability of falling will be there for most of the lifespan.

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Human Evolution Growth and development have been occurring all over the sector in the world. Giving the same importance to human health is equally important because if the manpower started to vanish, then the artificial world's growth did not hold any meaning. UK government created the position of ministry of loneliness to bring back the balance in human life (Pimlott, 2021). Taking this step increase the scope of developing repeated discussion over the issues of human life that will ultimately lead the way of living life. In the UK, check-ups and different seminars have been developed to enhance the viewpoint about life.

Discussion over the loneliness overcoming process for survival
There are many existing and developed ways by which people can get the scope of overcoming their phases and trauma of loneliness. Before implication of any overcoming process, understanding the reason for developing loneliness in the individual is very essential.

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Phenomenological Understanding In every individual, some traumas and incidents or any kind of experiences lead them to develop the phase of loneliness in their life. Sometimes disturbing childhood and imbalance in parental management develop feelings of loneliness (Kartika, 2017). Early implementation of the loneliness seed leads them to develop other imbalance thinking development in their later life. It will solve only when the individual will go for any kind of consultant for their mind contradiction. Discussion over the issues that create the setup of loneliness will reduce the burden of memories. As much as they will get the scope of talk, the chances of solving the issues will be high. •

Personality Resilience
The resilience of the individual depends on the life experiences or by the phases and the individual has grown up. Sometimes having suitable childhood did not hold the balance of later life due to imbalance in work life and other associates (Tkach, 2021). World Psychology Department stated that an individual would get the way of self-resilience only when they have the selfdevelopment and self-choices practices. Continuous choosing happiness and self-growth over anything will develop the scope of overcoming the phases of loneliness in the individual. Self-help is the best functional option to ensure a life quality for survival.

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Psychological Adjustment To better understand interpersonal loneliness feelings, the Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Loneliness Scale has been developed (Senese et al., 2021). Health working teams develop their working process by checking the consequences impact by rating scale of psychological parameters. The growing-up mentality of self-insufficiency develops the consequences of loneliness. If people get the knowledge of developing a sense of self-sufficiency it will help them get a better life to survive. Psychological adjustment is based on people's views and concept about living life and giving pressure over it is the only way of readjusting the losing balance in it.

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Early Tracking of Loneliness Early detection of loneliness will develop the opportunity to find solutions and implementation. Most of the Psychology department has started to use a rating scale to make the monitoring process more functional. Tracking will provide the scope for better access to human psychology and time to time. Improvement can be analysed easily (Ellis et al., 2020). The community awareness campaign has been started to happen repeatedly so that people get the idea about loneliness and its impact on life quality. With this updated operational work, the government will get a more accessible way to reduce the mortality rate from the increasing loneliness rate. •

Religious Involvement
The reason for taking this point as a source of overcoming the phases of loneliness is because it develops the sense of belonging in the individual (Alexeeva, 2019). One of the leading causes of developing loneliness is the feeling of isolation. It is the simple way of leading with human nature to give them the feelings of considering. As a consequence, the mental state will be able to find a way to get peace over its storm. Repeated discussion over the degradation of human life degradation showed that people required some assurance to develop their mental peace for life span.

Methods
A comparative method has been used to analyse the theme of loneliness and perseverance in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and "The Wall" by Marlene Haushofer. Both the novels are based on the same theme and focus on life separated from society and the family. To analyse the isolation and perseverance in both the novel, descriptive research methodology has been used. Descriptive research methodology helps to identify the circumstances and the situation of Robinson and anonymous women on the island and mountain, respectively. The descriptive methodology helps to provide information in a descriptive way that focuses on the isolation of both the characters. Secondary data analysis has been done to analyse themselves of isolation and perseverance in both the novel and the noble. The situation in both the novels is the same as the protagonist of both the stories struggle for the survival of their life against nature. The comparative method helps to identify the way to choose for survival by both the characters and how their situations are different (Shigematsu, 2016).

Research philosophy
Research philosophy is classified into four categories such as positivism, interpretivism, pragmatism and realism. This study is conducted with the involvement of positivism research philosophy. The source and nature of this study are maintained properly with the involvement of this research philosophy. In Daniel Defoe's Robinson, the focus of writing was to show the willingness of isolation; however, in the Wall, the character was forced to live in isolation due to the invisible wall. Robin Crusoe is considered the first English novel that used the psychological level with the social, economic, and political level to show the isolation and perseverance of the society. Both the novels are used to show the varied forms of speech and thought representation (STR) to show the psychological realities of the individual in both novels. A narrative technique has been used to represent the consciousness of the story. Various STR forms have been used by Daniel Defoe to manipulate the deictic, syntactic and expressive elements to show consciousness.

Research approach
Hypothesis and structure of the study is maintained properly with the help of the research approach. Research approach is classified into two categories such as deductive and inductive research approach. This study is conducted with the involvement of a deductive research approach. This research approach is selected to conduct this research with existing information. Consciousness is represented through free indirect techniques (FIT) that are used to show the interstate of the Robinson Crusoe. In "The Wall" understanding the psychology of the protagonist's point of view has been used as an important notion. Both the novels have been used in the first-person narrative style. The person who experienced the situation and narrated the story is recognized as the same "I".

Research design
Overall strategy and structure of the study are evaluated properly with the involvement of proper and effective research design. Research design is classified into various categories such as explanatory, experimental, cross-sectional and descriptive research design. A descriptive research design has been selected for this study. The wall is written in the form of diary entries where the woman puts her life's struggle and experience as a note. Narratological-stylistic analysis has been used that shows the psychological oscillation in terms of point of view and blended point of view. Linguistic evidence of a blended point of view can be provided through the narratological-stylistic analysis. The marketing uses syntactic, deictic, and expressive elements as STR categories are connected that create blended points of view of narrating the story and experiencing the selves.

Data collection and data analysis
Data collection process is crucial for this study. This process is classified into two categories such as primary and secondary. Primary data collected from survey, interview, focus group and observation processes. First-hand data is collected from primary sources. On the other and, secondary data collected from published journal, article, book, media and government reports. This study is conducted with the help of secondary data. On the other hand, data analysis process is also classified into two categories such as qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative data analysis processes are used to analyse primary data. On the other hand, the qualitative data analysis process is used to analyse secondary data.
Linguistic phenomena represent the blended points of view that represent the past and now construction. This information is collected with the help of a secondary data collection process. To understand the inner states of the temporarily conflicting selves' use of tense in STR is important. The degree of empathy, the connection of mind in both present and past sleeves can be understood with the close analysis of the representation of consciousness. A similar method has been used in both the novels of keeping a diary to track the records of progress towards salvation (Shigematsu, 2021). Both the novels are based on the ideological problems of materialism and individualism. Pseudo-authentic style has been used in both novels to show the situation of both characters. Epistolary and memoir are the two narrative techniques that have been used in the novels. In "The Wall" the novel is based on the women's imaginary situation that shows the concept of isolation and separation from society (Haushofer, 2021).

Ethical consideration
This study is conducted with the involvement of effective, ethical considerations. Collected information is protected propel by the researcher, which is treated as an effective, ethical consideration of this study. This ethical consideration can help research to conduct this comparative study properly. Biasness in data collection is avoided properly by the researcher that can increase the authenticity of his study. The researcher maintains these ethical considerations properly, which is treated as an effective factor of this study.

Findings •
From the current comparative analysis, it has been observed that each of the above-mentioned writings of Daniel Defoe and Marlene Haushofer expressed different aspects of developing loneliness. Along with their writings, other research papers have been reviewed to do depth research to understand the loneliness developing factors and the probable reason for developing loneliness in individuals. At the time the reason for developing loneliness will be cleared it will develop the chances of finding solutions and monitoring it. If people do not have enough accessibility over the probability of different mindset development and their consequences on life quality. Developing a clear idea about the life experiences and view towards it is the one kind of loneliness developing factor.

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Isolation and social isolation have been differentiated in the current analysis. As much as the idea will be clear, the way of handling will be improved. Health data has been reviewed to make the analysis's relevance more authentic. It depicts that sudden social isolation has a direct link with increased morbidity in the individual (Leigh-Hunt et al., 2019). The reason for covering this aspect is to make a clear sense of the different living surroundings and their impact on the quality of life. Spreading awareness over it can create change for community health as well as individual health. American social work and loneliness academy stated that increasing social isolation had become the major issue for developing loneliness (Bessaha et al., 2020).

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The way of seeing the life ups and downs is another part of the current analysis. Writing of Daniel Defoe's the character Robinson Crusoe know how to have control over loneliness. Though the character feels lonely, he got involved in productive activity, which means productivity is essential to keep the balance in living standards. Still, there is a contradiction between selfisolation and social isolation because as the novel character chooses self-isolation, leftover scenes become diminished. Selfperception about life's very essential factor that facilitates the other options of removing the loneliness from life. Development of this sense is essential to reduce the rate of morbidity from life.

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Along with this discussion part, solving the life hampering impact of loneliness has been analysed. Different psychological scale and monitoring process has been discussed to give an idea about the mitigating the impact on increasing morbidity and mortality rate. Research has been done systematically so that each of the sources of developing the issues and each of the solution processes has been discussed in the aligned form to make the result more relevant and useful. Phenomenological impact and personality resilience have been discussed to check the external and internal factors' difference in developing the experiences of loneliness in the individual.

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Early monitoring can reduce the rate of loneliness in every age group. It is possible only when people will go for consultations, so the chances of recovery are vulnerable. Self-monitoring is a suitable option that needs more consideration (Smith, Lair, & O'Brien, 2019). If people get more idea about the self-monitoring process, then they will get better control over their life. It needs to be spread over the country to increase the awareness parameter one degree more. Reviewing this new site develop the chances to make it operational to reduce the increasing loneliness pressure over the government.

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Phenomenological experiences and ways of living both are the determining factors of later life quality. External factors are the facilitating factors that create sadness and happiness over the mindset. If the people develop the practice of selfanalysing the happening life incidents, then the impact will be less for them. Providing knowledge about self-monitoring and self-assessment is very beneficial to create a safeguard for mental health. In critical cases appointing a consultant is equally important to make balance in living life quality. The reason to highlight this part of recovering is to optimise the working process to maintain the balance in individual life. Different tracking and monitoring processes have been analysed to give ideas about the impact of early identification will develop the developed chances for early recovery. The establishment of the monitoring scale will develop the scope making each of the recovery steps useful and operational.

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Research findings have been presented in the form the future scope will arise. Along with finding the sources of developing the complications of loneliness in individuals, monitoring it and the implication of recovery steps has been discussed. Covering each of the criteria make the research result useful for practical use and future research purpose also. Developing the sense of early identification by monitoring gives practical usability and creates the opportunity to implication it for monitoring. Increasing world concern about the loneliness impact gets the solution of using it for reduction. As the different cause of loneliness has been discussed the sense of isolation and social isolation will become clearer for individual surveillance.

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Self-monitoring is the most effective finding of the research. It is essential that people should become their consultants first because it will develop self-efficiency in individuals. The reason for developing loneliness is because of the self-dependency that ultimately leads to the path of developing self-doubt and insecurity. For mitigating this issue, the main focus has been given to self-development by which individuals can get the idea about precautions and develop it when they feel the need for them. If the way of taking life will change for an individual, then the scope of getting over the phases of the inner storm will be more flexible. During the analysis, self-assessment scope has been discussed to get the idea about self-monitoring and giving force to it will improve the result of controlling over it.

Conclusion
Current research has been done in a systematic form so that the reason and the findings will be aligned. This research has been developed to conduct a comparative analysis of the two writings that Daniel Defoe and Marlene Haushofer have developed to show that the various factors of life like isolation, loneliness, individuality, and the impact of society can be resolved by individuals with a striving motivation and will power. Daniel Defoe, in his writing, highlighted the form of individuality and loneliness by his created character "Robinson Crusoe" and his consequence of attaining his freedom from loneliness and his improved attitude towards himself and society. On the other side Marlene Haushofer in her writing "the wall" highlighted the modernized lifestyle and loneliness, where the protagonist proves to the world that perseverance in an individual can make the current situation turn into a positive change in getting adapted to the environment from reviewing their background and concept, highlighted factors of loneliness had been observed and further research has been progressed on the impact and consequences on it. In the beginning, the probable reasons for developing loneliness have been identified to check their impact on life. After identification, probable way of monitoring and solution implication has been highlighted to increase the applicability of it. Through this analysis, the future scope of this current research is to give hope to the hopeless and to show that perseverance in individuals can change the current atmosphere and pave the way for getting the right solutions to the problems in life. Relevance and authenticity have been maintained in each of the processes of researching to make the research presentation more logical and relevant.