Derivational Morphemes in Guihulngan-Visayan

Studies indicate that morphology is vital in examining word systems to understand a specific language better. Morphology helps in assessing the internal structure to discover natural language and linguistics. This study employs a mixed-method design that gives a quantitative analysis of the derivational morphemes and a qualitative approach that examines the corpora made by second-year college students to understand the meanings and functions of derivational morphemes of the Visayan language, specifically the Guihulngan-Visayan because it is believed that word structures and processes can provide an efficient relationship between speakers. Although Guihulngan-Visayan is not an established dialect, significant research proved that the Visayan language is composed of different dialects unique to every place. This present study aims to uncover the features and to distinguish the characteristics of the dialect. After careful analysis of the author and the meticulous attention of the inter-raters, it was revealed that the derivative morphemes used include prefixes, infixes, and suffixes, which shows that the language has contained varied and exciting morphological methods that could influence the message of a speaker, considering that it is 'divided between grammar and lexicon.’ In summa ry, these kinds of morphemes should not be generalized; instead, critical understanding of the dialect should always be given priority to show proficiency and appropriate communication.

they were used. The study shows two significant sections: Part A shows the frequency and percentage counts of the morphemes, and Part B includes the textual analysis to discover the meaning and functions of the derivational morphemes.

A. Derivational Morphemes found in the Corpus
The derivational morphemes used in Guihulngan-Visayan were identified as prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. All these are used differently and appeared in the corpus and essential elements in understanding the specific language. The result for this section is presented in tables one, two, and three. The tables below would comprehensively explain how the derivational morphemes function to produce meaningful words to answer the research questions. The table shows that the frequently used prefixes were ma-, ka-, and pag-having 12.9%, 10.20%, and 8.58%, respectively. On the other hand, prefixes ha-, ig-, ik-, im-, luma-, maga-, magma-, magpaka-, mupa-, paghi-, pama-, pasi-, pi-, ra-, su-, tag-, and um-only occurred once. The data entails that prefixes are always present in the language; thus, distinguishing the proper use of these prefixes is vital for building effective communication or becoming an active reader. Firat (2006) emphasizes that prefixes, like suffixes and infixes, must be handled carefully because they have an essential role in the word-forming mechanism. Therefore, they should not be confused and given maximum impotence.  Table 2 divulges the infixes used in the essay. The infix -in-was used 11 times or 44.00% based on the study's corpus, while infixes -la-and -lu-were used once. It is also observable that there were really few infixes used. Guihulngan-Visayan is usually within the base form of a word, rather than the initial or final part to make new words and deepen meanings. It has been stated by Beljan (2015) that the main aim of this infixation is not to establish words or concepts in morphology but stylistic and descriptive terms.  Table 3 reveals that -an, -ng, and -on were the derivational morphemes used as repeated suffixes with 30.30%, 23.90%, and 14.40%, respectively. While suffixes -anan, -s, -y were the least used morphemes because they were only used once. Suffixes are attached to the end of words that contain the strong impact of a word's effect. Manova (2015) has clarified that there is evidence of suffixes for closure in various languages. However, it is challenging to identify semantic processes affecting a word. This shows that a detailed understanding of morphological processes will help students and speakers acquire knowledge of the language and better understand it.

B. The Meanings and Functions of Derivational Morphemes
This section elaborates a better understanding of the derivational morphemes found in the corpus. The meaning identifies the conceptual definition of each morpheme, and the function presents the usage or the operational definition of the words. It could be noted that there are provided examples to evaluate the individual characteristics of the words correctly.

B.1. Meaning and Functions of Prefixes
This part exemplifies the distinguishing characteristics of derivational morphemes, which were used as prefixes. The observable in Guihulngan-Visayan prefixes are as follows: As observed from the presented data, most of the prefixes in the Guihulngan-Visayan language function as a verb that denotes past, present, and future tenses. The past tense is usually in the form of gi-, ni-, nag-, and some other prefixes which tell that action is already completed. The present or present progressive tense (both can be used depending on the speaker), like gina-, gipang-, or mi-that express a continuous action. It can also be noted that there is no need to use the modal 'will' because prefixes mu-and mag-already express futurity. The superlative degree of an adjective, usually in the form of -est, is used in Guihulngan-Visayan as a prefix in the form of kina-or pinaka-, thus, the presence of inflectional morphemes are seldom used. In Naseeb & Ibrahim (2017), the analysis will clarify why derivations can induce inflecting but not vice versa. The distinction between derivative and inflection is this. Derivation relies not on inflexive finishes but the stem shapes of the words. So new complex stems may be used with inflexible laws. The disparity between the morphology of inflections and the morphology of derivatives is ancient. It is a question of constructing new lexemes and mark lexemes for a given sentence (derivative applies, among other processes).

B.2. Meaning and Functions of Infixes
Infixes have also shown interesting part of the language as it allows the speakers to use varied forms of sending communication, creating an impact on making interactions. The infixes used in the corpus are as follows: Infix: -hi-Definition: denotes an intangible object, event, or idea Function: dependents on the root word Example: naghigugmamaay (loving); nahisaag (is lost) Infix: -in-Definition: expresses a manner based on the root word Function: dependents on the root word Example: binuang (joke); magtinabangay (help each other) Infix: -la-Definition: used to modify the expression of the root word Function: dependents on the root word Example: salaputon (one who quickly gets mad) Infix: -lu-Definition: usually placed in the second syllable to add emphasis to the word Function: dependents on the root word Example: buluhaton (series of activities) Infix: -um-Definition: usually found after the first letter of the root word to make a present continuing statement Function: dependents on the root word Example: gumikan (because of); sumusunod (following upon) There are only a few derivational morphemes used as infixes that were identified based on the corpus. This also reveals that these infixes do not have a particular function. They are dependent on the root word, and the meaning may vary based on its usage. The word 'binuang,' for example, is composed of two morphemes, buang (crazy) + in (placed after the first letter), making the word a noun from an adjective (based on the stem). The infix -um-can also make a significant shift of a word, gikan (from) + um (placed after the first letter), creates other parts of speech which are conjunction. Thus it is tough to predict a particular function of the infix. The Infixation analysis of Beljan (2015) is much more versatile and not exclusively prone to many guidelines than some other morphological processes. While it is still a somewhat complicated operation, in general, the morphological system of the Guihulngan-Visayan or Cebuano can now be found more straightforward as before all the incremental improvements in the system.

B.3. Meaning and Functions of Suffixes
The identified suffixes articulate that the language is composed of different word usages that one must be familiar with to achieve effective communication. The result shows the function of the different use of suffixes that were used in the corpus. It can be seen that most of them carry the function of their root word. When added with the suffix, the word 'lantaw' (look), when added with the suffix -a becomes 'lantawa' (look at it) that directs someone to follow a command. There are also instances where suffixes could tell a gender, like misteryoso (a mysterious guy) or tsismosa (a girl fond of telling gossip). Another thing that makes this suffix unique is its function as a word connection, e.g., siyag ako (he and me). The suffix -g is attached to a word that links it to another word.
Furthermore, it can be used to replace the English copula 'is,' e.g., unsa (what) + -y will make the word unsay (what is). However, we cannot generalize this derivational morpheme's particular function because meanings may vary as the language speaker uses it. Thus, the process may become dependent on the speaker. Ibrahim & Naseeb (2017) found that the morphological mechanism can also be based on the conceptual basis on which derived words form an individual lexical entity inserted in a speech dictionary on their own. Sometimes they have a specific sensation over time that cannot be anticipated fully in the components' morphemes. At times, students starting the type of foundation on which an apple is added have difficulties.

Conclusion
The two objectives of the study were properly addressed: What are the different derivational morphemes used in Guihulngan Visayan based on the essays? What are the meanings and functions of each derivational morpheme? The study shows that 70.31% of the derivational morphemes were used as prefixes, 2.39% were identified as infixes, and 27.30% were suffixes that explain that the language has varying purposes that one must discover. Furthermore, the meanings and functions of derivational morphemes do not actually show definite use, since words can be utilized in different aspects depending on the prior knowledge of the speaker.
The researcher would like to conclude that the derivation morphemes of the Guihulngan-Visayan involve several thrilling morphological processes that can impact a speaker's messages. This analysis involved an extensive examination of the derivation morphemes in the corpus and that construction morphology 'is divided between grammar and lexicon.' The terms in Guihulngan-Visayan were used differently: prefixes are often used to tell the verb tense, infixes are dependent on the stem or the root word, and suffixes are usually used to make words as adjectives. However, this does not entail that all affixes have the same morphological process. The problem of committing errors in derivative morphemes was clarified by the studied Irahim & Naseeb (2017). It is a cumulative issue that arises from other problems faced by the speakers concerning the trunk. Hence, understanding the language must be a required precondition for comprehending and proficient in the Cebuano language, particularly its morphology.
The study contributes deeper and comprehensive understanding of the Visayan language, as this specifies the individual uses and functions of derivational morphemes. Oftentimes, speakers may use different morphemes based on their present ideas or concepts, but do not take into consideration the proper use of the language, thus misunderstanding occurs. On the other hand, the researcher acknowledgeds that this resources for this study is too limited to derivational morphemes, which are found in the corpus made by the students. Thus, this only focuses on and discusses the different morphemes used as prefixes, infixes, and suffixes in Guihulngan-Visayan, even the Cebuano as the primary language in the Visayan region. Language experts should also investigate other kinds of derived morphemes. It will improve Visayan grammar and develop expertise in studying the morphological process in cooperation.