Code Mixing and Code Switching in the “Yowis Ben” Movie: Sociolinguistic Study

The use of native language in the Yowis ben movie by Fajar Nugros and Bayu Eko Moektito turns it into various language forms. Therefore, the research aims to identify the types of code-mixing and code-switching in the movie. This research uses a qualitative approach. The researcher also played a direct role in the data collection process by determining the data source, listening to and recording data. Based on the discussion of code switching and code mixing in the “Yowis Ben” movie, the conclusions drawn are as follows. First, the code-mixing used in the “Yowis Ben” movie occurred using Indonesian and Javanese language. There are three functions of code-mixing: respecting the addressee, providing information, and clarifying the speech. Second, the code-switching in the “Yowis Ben” movie occurred using the Javanese language. This is because the background of the screenplay depicted actors who are from Malang, East Java. Also, there are three functions of code-mixing: neutralizing the use of language, establishing humour, and getting an immediate response to the speech.


Introduction 1
Language has an essential role in human life. Humans are social creatures who interact with each other; hence, it will be difficult for humans to communicate without language. Indonesia is a country that has a wide variety of native languages. However, the language designated as the national language and the official language is Indonesian. Language is often used to characterize certain ethnic groups. It means that each ethnicity has its own unique language characteristics that differ from other ethnics'. Humans have a wide range of communication in their lives, thus allowing speakers to use more than one language called bilingualism.
In sociolinguistic, bilingualism is the role of two languages which are performed by the speaker with the person he talks to in turn. Bilingualism is used for people who use two languages competently, referring to their bilingual mastering level (Rahayu, 2017;Gunawan, 2018). The languages of bilingual speakers raise influence in linguistics, resulting in various language events (Ng, 2018;Harya, 2018). The general linguistic issues for bilingual speakers are code-mixing and code-switching in languages. Code mixing occurs when the speaker adds elements of the native language into the Indonesian language. Meanwhile, code-switching is a transition in using a language by adjusting the condition that occurs between languages.
Mass media is a product of modern technology as a channel in mass communication that provides information, knowledge and entertainment (Mulyajati, 2018). The movie is a part of the mass media in audio-visual communication that is enjoyed by people of all ages and social backgrounds. The power and ability of a movie to reach various social segments lead experts to realize that the movie can influence the audience. For example, the speech of the actress/actor, the use of native language, foreign languages, and other languages are easily spread out. The speech of a celebrity and actress/actor affects the development of the commoners' language proficiency and style (Mbete, 2013).
The use of native language in the "Yowis Ben" movie by Fajar Nugros and Bayu EkoMoektito, turns it into a varied language form. The movie "Yowis Ben", has the whole meaning of the language in every dialogue spoken by the actors; thus, the language used in the movie can be analyzed linguistically. Several things that can be analyzed from the Yowis Ben movie actors' speeches content are the languages in the sentence, which refer to the description of code-mixing and code-switching. The use of language in the movie contains bilingualism, involving native language, Indonesian language and English. Therefore, this research aims to describe code-mixing and code-switching in the "Yowis Ben" movie by Fajar Nugros and Bayu Eko Moektito.

Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary science (between sociology and linguistics); the two empirical science fields are very closely interlinked (Mbangi, 2017;Prima, 2019). Generally, sociolinguistic can be defined as an interdisciplinary field of science that studies language concerning using that language in society (Guerlac, 2019). In another way, it can be said that sociolinguistic studies and discusses social aspects of language, especially differences in society (social) factors.
People who can master two or more languages are called bilinguals. Bilingualism is a form of language contacts which is a term whose meaning is relative. This is because bilingualism changes from time to time. These changes are due to different point of views or the basis for understanding the language itself. Bilingualism refers to the symptom of mastering a second language with the same degree of mastery as its native speaker. The limitation of bilingualism is mastery of at least the first and second languages, although the second language mastery is only at the lowest limit (Bosma & Bloom, 2019). This means that bilingualism is simply about knowing a second language. Based on these definitions, it can be stated that bilingualism is the ability to use two or more languages alternately in a society.

Code
Human language is a kind of code, a language system in a society; certain language variations. Code means a structural system in which the application of the elements has distinctive characteristics based on the speaker's background, the speaker's relationship with the addressee and the existing situation (Bhattu, Nunna & Somayajulu, 2020). Based on this definition, it can be concluded that code is a sign that describes the language system's meaning in society. Code in sociolinguistic includes language, code-switching and code-mixing.

Code Mixing
Code mixing is a situation in which people use another language when people mix two (or more) languages or variations in a speech act or discourse without anything in the language situation that demands the mixing of the language (Ryzal & Stymne, 2020; Pratapa, Choundhury & Sitaram, 2020). If a speech mixing or a combination of different variations occurs in the same clause, then the occurrence is called code-mixing.
The linguistic elements involved in code-mixing can be differentiated into the insertion of elements in words, the insertion of elements in the form of phrases, and the insertion of elements in clauses. Code mixing is the use of language units from one language to another to expand language style or variation, including word, clause, idiom, and greeting (Chakravarthi, Jose & Suryawanshi, 2019). Code-mixing based on the linguistic levels is code-mixing at clause level, code-mixing at the phrase level, and code-mixing at the word level.
Code mixing occurs due to the presence of a reciprocal relationship between the role (speaker), the form of the language, and the language's function. Other factors that can bring code-mixing out are the limitations of code use, the use of more popular terms, the speaker and the personality of the speaker, addressee, the residence and the time of the conversation takes place, the mode of conversation, the topic, function and purpose, the variety and level of language spoken, the presence of the third speaker, the subject of conversation, to trigger a sense of humor, and to simply appears prestigious (Yusuf, Fata & Chyntia, 2018; Choudhary, Singh & Bindlish, 2019).

Code Switching
Code-switching is an occurrence of code-switching from one code to another, and thus if a speaker initially uses code A (for example, Indonesian language), and then switches to use code B (for example, Javanese language), then such a language switching occurrence is called code-switching. Code-Switching is a change in languages' usage from one language or dialect to another (N, 2017; Auliya, Uin & Lampung, 2017; Istifci, 2019). Therefore, code-switching is a shifting symptom in the use of language that occurs due to situation and happens between languages and variations in one language.
Code switching is divided into two types as follows, internal code switching which is a code switching that takes place between one's own language and external code switching which is a code-switching that occurs between one's own language (one of the languages or variations in the verbal repertoire of the society's speech) and a foreign language. (Sequira, Chondury & Gupta, 2015). Meanwhile, Kim (2006), referred to the language change that occurs, code switching can be divided into Internal Code Switching and External Code Switching.
Code switching occurs due to (a) third person; (b) shift of topic; (c) change in the situation of the conversation; (d) the desire to be perceived as educated; (e) the desire to distance ; (f) avoiding the presence of impolite and polite forms in the native language ; (g) quoting someone else's speech; (h) getting affected by the addressee; (i) being in a public place; (j) indicating that the first language is not a native language; (k) younger addressee; and (l) switching media/means of speech (Zhao, Nguyen & Wang, 2020). Meanwhile, Octavita (2017), factors causing code switching (a) speaker, (b) addressee, (c) change in the situation, (d) changes from formal to informal or vice versa, (e) change in the topic of conversation. The cause of code switching can be traced through the connection of a conversation with its context and language conveying the situation.

Methodology
This research uses a qualitative approach. Qualitative research aims to understand a phenomenon about what the research subjects experience holistically in a descriptive way through words and language by utilizing natural methods. This research aims to describe code mixing and code switching in the "Yowis Ben" movie by Fajar Nugros and Bayu Eko Moektito. In this research, the researcher acted as an instrument as well as data collector. The researcher acted as a data collector as the researcher played a direct role in the data collection process by determining data source, listening to and recording data, studying data, and drawing conclusions.
The data and data source in this research are related to the research objectives to describe code mixing and code switching in the Yowis Ben movie. The research data is in the form of code mixing and code switching. The data source of this research is the "Yowis Ben" movie. In data collection, the researcher uses the note-taking technique. The steps are as follows: (1) determining the source of data that will be researched which is the "Yowis Ben" movie, (2) listening to data source, (3) recording data, (4) examining data.
This research uses the qualitative research methodology; thus, the data analysis techniques are conducted through (1) data reduction, where the researcher selects the required data, (2) data analysis, where the researcher analyzes the data based on the instrument that has been made, (3) data presentation by creating a table of findings followed by discussion, (4) drawing conclusion, by giving the findings of the mixing code and switching code from the "Yowis Ben" movie.

Results and Discussion
The result of this research presents data that show both code mixing and code switching. There are six code-mixings obtained from the "Yowis Ben" movie, and those are the dialogues between Bayu and Susan, Doni with Alisa, Cak Jon with Ustadz Jarno, Martabak (Indonesian pancake) seller with Bayu, Cak Jim with the police, and Abah with Bayu. Apart from that, there are also five codeswitchings in the movie, and those are the dialogues between Doni and Alisa, Siti with Doni and Bayu, Bayu with the Stewardess, Mia with a thug and Nando with Bayu. The result and discussion are described as follows.

Code Mixing
Almost all of the data found in this movie use code mixing. Code mixing occurs due to the background of the speakers who are native speakers of Malang City, East Java, and the choice of words that are easy to remember and there is a changing situation. The code-mixing occurrence is due to the right words' existence to represent the used languages, hence using words both from a native or foreign language. The following is an example of code mixing in the "Yowis Ben" movie.

a. Form of Mixing Code
[1] Susan: "Bay, aku mau lanjut ke Jerman." (Bay, I want to go to Germany." Bayu: "Kamu nanti di sana siapa yang ngopeni?" (You there who will take care?") Susan: "Ada Roy di sana, Bay." ("There's Roy there, Bay.") In the data above, mixing code is found in mixed languages , including Indonesian and Javanese. Bayu delivers the mixing code to Susan. The speech conveyed who would take care of Susan when she continued her study in Germany. The cause of mixing code is the level of closeness so that the language used was the informal language.
b. The Functions of Mixing Code The following are some functions of mixing code that occur in the "Yowis Ben" movie by Fajar Nugros and Bayu Eko Moektito.

Code Switching
The form of code switching in the interaction within the "Yowis Ben" movie occurred in the form of language switching in the movie's conversational interaction. It includes the transition from Indonesian to the Javanese language, and it can also be done vice versa. The following is an example of code switching in the "Yowis Ben" movie.
a. Form of Code Switching [6] Doni: "Sudah lama aku memendam perasaan ke kamu, mau gak jadi pacarku?" ("I've been harboring feelings for you a long time, want to not be my girlfriend?") Alisa: "Iya-iya, ngadek sek!" (Yes yes, stund up!") Doni: "Dadi piye? Gelem?" ("So? Want?") In the data above, the code switching is found in the Indonesian language which then switched to the Javanese language. The speech described Doni confessing his feeling to Alisa, who was then asked to stand up by Alisa. Based on communication, an informal switching code event occurred due to the speaker's relationship with the addressee, who shows closeness. Thus, the communication language was informal, hence switching code occurred by using the Javanese language, and the situation in the communication also appeared more familiar and closer between the speaker and the addressee.
The conversation revealed Siti, who turned out to be Dini and Bayu's friend when they were in elementary school. Based on communication, an informal switching code event occurred due to the speaker's relationship with the addressee which showed closeness. Thus, code switching using the Javanese language is considered the appropriate language because the speaker and their addressees come from the same native place.

b. The Functions of Switching Code
There are some functions of switching code found in the "Yowis Ben" movie, which are as follows.
(1) Neutralizing the use of language