The Impact of Translation Technique on Translation Quality of Metaphor of Modality in Novel “Anne of Green Gables”

This study aims to identify the impact of translation techniques on translation quality in the novel “Anne of Green Gables.” It is a qualitative research -oriented translation study. The data were collected by content analysis and focus group discussion. The result of this research shows that there are seven translation techniques used to translate the metaphor of modality; they are established equivalence, modulation, deletion, paraphrase, compensation, implicitation and discursive creation. In addition, the translation techniques that contributed positively to the translation quality are established equivalence, compensation, modulation and implicitation. Meanwhile, paraphrase, deletion and discursive creation decreased the translation quality in accuracy, acceptability and readability aspects.


Introduction 1
Translation is a process that involves at least two different languages. They are known as source language (SL) and target language (TL) so that translation is called as a mediator of interlanguage communication. Because the sender and the receiver of both languages do not understand what they communicate about, there is a gap. Therefore, translation plays a role as a mediator over this communication gap. The one who translates SL into TL is called a translator. A translator is expected to have communicative competencies to produce quality translation work. They are grammatical competency, sociolinguistics competency, discourse competency and strategic competency (Bell, 1991). Grammatical competency refers to knowledge about vocabularies, words formation, pronunciation, and word structures. In other words, a translator should know and master the linguistic forms or symbol between SL and TL. One of the linguistic forms that a translator should know is the metaphor of modality.
In SFL, metaphor of modality is one kinds of interpersonal metaphor. The metaphor of modality is based on the semantic relation of projection (Halliday, 1994). This kind of metaphor shows speaker opinion based on the probability coded not as mode element, but through a separate clause in the projection clause (incongruent realization). This phenomenon in SL and TL is undoubtedly different. It is due to the differences in language systems, in this case English (as SL) and Indonesian (as TL). Due to the difference of language system, the translator who is intermediary to deliver messages must maintain the messages that contained in SL into TL. In the words, to produce a translation work that accurate, acceptable and readable, the translator must maintain the form and meaning of the modality metaphor in the clause.
The related study about the translation of metaphor of modality has been done before. Zen (2014) examined interpersonal metaphor including metaphor of modality in a biology bilingual textbook of grade XI. The result of her research indicated that metaphor of modality is not widely found in the bilingual textbook, only 5% of it was identified. Moreover, the translation accuracy of the translation accuracy of interpersonal metaphor shows that 2.5% is less accurate, and also 2.5 % of interpersonal metaphor is inaccurate. Lian (2009) compared the interpersonal metaphor included metaphor of modality in a narrative text Hong Lou Meng with three English versions. She found that the use of metaphor modality in Chinese is more significant than in  Dinagara (2016) also discussed the translation procedure and grammatical metaphor (ideational metaphor and interpersonal metaphor) in discussion text that involved the fifth semester students. His findings showed that the students need improvement to identify the form of grammatical metaphors and to translate the grammatical metaphors using relevant procedures. However, this research has not discussed yet the metaphor of modality specifically. Furthermore, the translation techniques of metaphor modality have not discussed yet. This research aims to identify the impact of translation techniques on translation quality.

Literature Review 1.1 Metaphor of Modality
As explained before, the congruent realization of modality is coded by modal element whereas the incongruent realization (metaphorical variant) realized in a projecting clause of a hypotactic clause complex. Modality refers to the area of meaning that lies between yes and no -the intermediate ground between positive and negative polarity (Halliday 2004). According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), there are two types of modality metaphor based on the difference between proposition and proposal, and they are modularization and modulation.
Modularization refers to the degree of probability and usuality (yes or no; maybe yes and maybe no) is realized as indicative in proposition clause. Meanwhile, modulation refers to offers and command or some degrees of obligation and inclination in proposal clause. Another variable that refers to how the two types are realized called orientation. The realization of metaphor of modality divided into two namely subjective-explicit and objective-explicit. As Halliday and Mathiessen (2014) state, the "explicitly subjective and explicitly objective forms of modality are strictly speaking metaphorical." Subjective-explicit is realized by projecting mental clause as mood adjunct. For example, "I think Mary knows" (as probability) and "I want John to go as obligation while objective-explicit is realized by relational clause with modal complement/attribute as in it is likely that Mary knows" (probability) and it is expected that John goes (obligation). Molina and Albir (2002) argue that the application of translation technique will affect the translation result. However, the translation techniques are not good nor bad because they are used dynamically and functionally. Accordingly, they classify 18 translation techniques, such as: Adaptation: to replace the cultural element in SL with the familiar one to the target reader in TL Amplification: to explicit or to paraphrase an implicit information in SL Borrowing: to borrow words or expression from SL. It can be pure borrowing without any adjustment in TL or it can be naturalized borrowing with the adjustment to TL spelling rule and pronunciation. Calque: words or phrases are literally translated, but they are different from literal translation. The structure and the lexical integrity in TL is maintained. Compensation: to move element of SL that cannot be applied in TL because of the stylistic effect. However, the meaning has not changed. Description: to replace expression or term with the description of its form or function. Discursive Creation: to apply a temporary equivalence that totally out of context. Established equivalence: to use the term or expression that recognized as an equivalent in TL (by the dictionaries or language in use) Generalization: to use general terms or expressions in TL Literal Translation: word for word translation but the wording is out of context Linguistic Amplification: add linguistic elements in TL Linguistic Compression: synthesize the linguistic elements in TL. It is the opposite of linguistic amplification Modulation: to change focus, point of view or cognitive category that related in TL Particularization: to use specific or concrete term. It is the opposite of generalization Reduction: It is a partly deletion of information of SL in TL but doesn't cause meaning distortion. Subtitution: to change the linguistic elements to paralinguistic elements or vice versa. Transposition: to change the grammatical category in SL to the different one in TL Variation: to change linguistic or paralinguistic elements that affect the linguistic variation such as the change of textual tone, language style, social or geographical dialect, etc.

Translation Quality Assessment (TQA)
According to Schaffner (1997), the aim of translation activity is to produce a good translation in TL. Thus, translation quality is essential when we discuss the translation as a translation process as a product. In addition, Nababan (2003) states that there are three main aspects of the assessment in assessing translation quality. They are the accuracy of the meaning transfer, the accuracy of the meaning exposure, and natural language translation so that this translation quality assessment is based on the three aspects: accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

The Aspect of Accuracy
The first aspect that evaluated is the accuracy. It refers to equivalence source text and target text (Nababan et al, 2012). The equivalence related to the equivalence of form and meaning. Therefore, this aspect is important because it aims to evaluate whether the meaning in SL has translated well and equivalently in TL.

The Aspect of Acceptability
The acceptability means the appropriateness of the rules, norms and culture between SL and TL (Nababan et al, 2012). Its aim is that the target reader can accept the translation. Munday (2001) argues that if what is followed is the norms and culture of the source language, the translation will be adequate whereas if it follows the norms and culture of the target language, the translation will be acceptable.

The Aspect of Readability
Readability refers to the degree of easiness of te translation to be understood by the target reader. Larson (1984) says that "readability urgently important since translation accurate but still nor communicate who are use to it."

Methodology
This research is a descriptive qualitative that aims to describe the linguistic phenomenon in terms of the translation of modality metaphor. Source of the data is taken form document in the form of novel entitled "Anne of Green Gables" (English and Indonesian version). Meanwhile, this research's data is all the metaphor of modality found in the novel.
Data were collected by content analysis and focus group discussion. The content analysis used to identify the metaphor modality while in focus group discussion is held to determine the translation techniques and to evaluate the translation quality with raters. In focus group discussion, the questionnaires were distributed to the three raters. Accordingly, the raters were selected based on the predetermined criteria. Data were validated by triangulation source and triangulation method.
The data were analyzed based on Spradely's theory (1980). First, domain analysis. The researcher collected all the metaphor modality data in the novel in this phase-next, taxonomy analysis. The researcher identified the translation techniques applied by the translator and classified the translation quality that had been collected in the focus group discussion. Then, the elements in domain and taxonomy analysis were connected altogether in componential analysis so that the researcher could analyze the impacts of the translation techniques toward the translation quality. Finally, the researcher could describe the characteristics of pattern among those analysis.  :obligation  Subjective-explicit  Established  equivalence   19  --19  --19  --Paraphrase  -1  -1  --1  --Total  202 7  6  210  5  210  5 Refer to table 4.1, there are 2 types of metaphor of modality that found in this research namely modalization: probability and modulation: obligation. The first type of metaphor of modality realized subjective explicitly and objective explicitly while the second one only realized subjective explicitly. Furthermore, it can be seen that the translation techniques applied by the translator are established equivalence, compensation, modulation, paraphrase, deletion, implicitation, and discursive creation. Few translation techniques caused the translations of metaphor of modality to be accurate, acceptable, and readable. Meanwhile, it is also found that there are few of them caused the translations of metaphor modality are less accurate, inaccurate, unacceptable and unreadable.

Results and Discussion
First, the established equivalence used when the translator wants to maintain the metaphor of modality in TL. For example, "I'm sure they could tell us such a lovely things." It is a modalization probability that realized by projecting mental clause. "I'm sure" is translated "Aku yakin," the types and orientation of this metaphor of modality are maintained by the translator. The degree of accuracy, acceptability, and readbility due to this technique's use is high. This technique also is most dominant used to translate the metaphor of modality.
Next, modulation also produces the translation of metaphor modality to be classified as accurate, acceptable and readable. Nevertheless, it is a translation technique that change the point of view or the cognitive category in TL, the meaning or form of metaphor of modality does not change. The metaphor modality in "I don't think it will be necessary to send her back" translated using modulation. "I don't think" as projecting mental clause with transferred negative polarity is translated "Kupikir." As a result, the polarity is changed so that the negative polarity is in the projected clause in TL but the meaning does not change.
The use of compensation also has positive impact to the translation quality. In "A dryad is sort of a grown-up fairy, I think" shows the application of this technique. The translator applied compensation to translate the metaphor of modality "I think." by moving its position in TL. It does not affect the form and meaning of the modality metaphor. Therefore, the application of this modulation technique produces accurate, acceptable and readable metaphor of modality translation.
Then, paraphrase is one of the expansions of amplification technique. In accuracy aspect, this technique's use produces less accurate translations of metaphor modality. The clause "But I don't believe He could really have looked so sad," the metaphor modality "I don't believe" that realized subjective explicitly is translated "seharusnya" as objective explicit. The translator does not maintain the orientation of metaphor of modality in TL so that the translation of metaphor of modality becomes less accurate. However, in acceptability and readability aspect, this paraphrase application still generates acceptable and readable translation.
The next one is deletion. Deletion has negative impact to the translation quality both in accuracy, acceptability and readability aspect. This objective-explicit metaphor of modality "It is certain" in "It is certain I'll never be angelically good" is totally deleted. This is because the use of it involves total omission of the translation. Consequently, the translations of metaphor modality are inaccurate, unacceptable and unreadable.
The last one is implicitation. This technique also still contributes to accuracy, acceptable and readable translation. The use of it described in the clause "when I thought I was going to live her." The metaphor of modality "I thought" is implied "berpikir." Basically, metaphor of modality which translated using implicitation still generates accurate translation. Though there is implicitation of form of metaphor of modality, the whole meaning of it does not change. In acceptability and readability aspect, implicitation also produces good translation quality. Finally, discursive creation is used to translate the metaphor of modality to three aspects. As a result. The metaphor modality that translated using this technique generates inaccurate, unacceptable and unreadable translation. This is due to the equivalence that is totally out of context.

Conclusion
There are seven translation techniques applied by the metaphor of modality in the novel "Anne of Green Gables." They are, modulation, deletion, compensation, paraphrase, implicitation, discursive creation and established equivalence. The use of translation technique affects the translation quality including accuracy, acceptability, and readability. From 215 data that identified as metaphor of modality, 202 data are accurate, 7 data are less accurate and 6 data are inaccurate. Meanwhile, 210 data are acceptable and readable, 5 data are unacceptable and unreadable.
The translation techniques that produce accurate translation are established equivalence, compensation, modulation and implicitation. The less accurate translation of metaphor of modality is produced by the use of paraphrase. Otherwise, the deletion and discursive creation cause inaccurate translation. In acceptability and readability aspect, paraphrase, modulation, impliitation, established equivalence and compensation produce acceptable and readable metaphor of modality translation. Two techniques that produce unacceptable and unreadable translation of metaphor modality including deletion and discursive creation.
Funding: This research received no external funding