Professional and Institutional Discourse: A Case Study of Media Discourse

Professional discourse has established in the last few decades. As a control, many applied etymologists and discourse experts have managed it in an insightful way. The main striking work on professional discourse is The Construction of Professional Discourse (Gunnarson et al., 1997). This quantitative study's objective was to identify the professional discourse and define the types of discourse. For this data was collected from Three Pakistani TV news channels named ARY Digital, Express News and Geo News. The data consisted upon the one week recording of TV news channels. Audio recording transform into text format and one corpus-based file was developed. Further corpus analysis tool AntConc version 3.5.9 was used to get the data's frequencies and concordance. On the base of extracted concordance and frequencies descriptive analysis was done and then subjectively analyzed to get the professional discourse from media channels. The study's findings presented that media is a vast profession and has its own particular vocabulary that identifies their profession. Media discourse has specific domains and topics for discussion. This study's findings will help the learners of sociolinguistics and discourse analysis in their case studies.


Introduction 1
Discourse implies how we contemplate people, things, the society's social relationship, and the associations among and between every one of the three. Discourse usually emerges from social establishments like media and administrative issues (among others), and by the integrity of giving structure and solicitation to language and thought, it structures and demands our lives, relationship with others, and society. It subsequently shapes our opinion and understand any point proper to form. In this sense, sociologists layout discourse as a productive force since it shapes our examinations, contemplations, feelings, values, characters, collaborations with others, and our direct.
Sociologists believe discourse to be introduced in and emerging out of relations of power considering the way that those responsible for associations-like media, legislative issues, law, prescription, and preparing-control its game plan. In like manner, discourse, power, and data are by and by related and coordinate to make movements. A couple of discourses come to lead the norm (overwhelming discourses), and are seen as genuine, common, and right, while others are limited and defamed, and contemplated misguided, unbelievable, and even dangerous.
As shown by Merriam Webster Dictionary [1] significance of discourse, c: a semantic unit, (for instance, a conversation or a story) greater than a sentence 3: a strategy for figuring everything out data, contemplations, or experience that is set up in language and its strong settings, (for instance, history or establishments) Kenneth Kong has starting late conveyed his monograph, Professional Discourse, with Cambridge University Press (2014) [2]. Using a wide extent of professional arrangements (for instance, research papers, business reports, execution scrutinizes, manuals and legitimate chronicles), Professional Discourse revolves around the discourse of professional creation, using logical ideal models from essential utilitarian phonetics, pragmatics, text examination, humanism and anthropological, historical background. Kenneth Kong fights that while reasons for living use different courses of action, their usage of language shows various universals. This is shown by examining data from a wide cross-part of professional settings, for instance, medicine, law, business, expansive interchanges and planning. This appraisal of professional discourse, and its huge part in the public eye, is imperative to experts in applied derivation, to professionals who need to see better the capacity of language in their work, similarly as to instructors of English for express purposes.
Amazing selling motivations behind Professional Discourse fuse how its examination: a. investigates between professional discourse so perusers can see the relationship between different purposes for living b. explores the most recent things in discourse assessment, for instance, character and multimodality c. examines discourse from an extent of perspectives, including essential helpful historical underpinnings, pragmatics, text examination, and humanism Professional Discourse promises to transform into an achievement obligation to the administrative issues of, planning for, and direct of being professional in arranged occupations across worldwide organizations. It gives all-around incorporating the theories, procedures, and doubts in interfacing yet precise style, and fills in as a critical resource for understudies similarly as readied trained professionals and investigators.
Generally, there is extending assessment and interest in the patterns of the creation and get-together of works for express purposes and in the evident progression of types and registers inside Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP), psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, human examinations and the human study of science. Examinations of professional correspondence have usually been uneven towards the formed medium and have been finished with near nothing, expecting to be any, relationship with LSP. Disciplinary cutoff points and premium groupings have held these different approaches to manage the study of professional correspondence and association autonomy.

Statement of the problem
Numerous investigations have been led on professional discourse in the past however very rare can be seen in identifying professional discourse through media communication in Pakistani context. In the previous investigations the data have been taken from various nations like Korea, New Zealand, and China, and so on. It is very difficult to categorize and identify the particular professional discourse because every profession is vast and has lots of professional terms and technical language. So it is not an easy job to identify and extract the professional discourse from one profession. Hospital, educational institutions, courts, economics, politics etc. all can be seen full of professional discourses and have their particular vocabulary and selection of words and have totally different contexts. This study deals with the investigation of professional discourse on electronic media.
Media has great importance in Pakistan, in Pakistan dozens of private news channels are working day and night.

Purpose of the study
The purpose of this study is to highlight the particular professional discourse have been adopted by the media persons. This study also aims to identify the particular domains, types of selection of words, and their frequencies according to their selected topics, depicting their professionalism clearly. Further, this research provides information regarding professional discourse to sociolinguistics students and students of discourse analysis.

Research Questions
The study seeks to find answers to the following questions: 1. What is professional discourse?
2. How news media present professional and institutional discourse?

Objectives of the Study
1. To define professional discourse.
2. To identify the professional discourse through news media channels in Pakistan

Significance and implications of the Study
This investigation's findings feature the professional discourse used by media persons on TV news channels. This investigation will make mindfulness among sociolinguistics and discourse analysis students and motivate them for discourse study. This examination will characterize the types of domains, used vocabulary, topics of discussion, and selection of words that present their use of professional language. This examination will control the various authorities like teachers, understudies, ace coaches, educational plan planners, educationists, and policymakers about the importance of professional discourse. With the help of this study in future students and scholars can help in the study of professional discourse. This examination presents the professional discourse of media that can help the new anchors in media industry to choose particular and professional discourse. The findings of this study enlist the tables and figures that clearly mentioned the institutional and professional discourse data.

Research hypothesis
Discourse and its types have great value especially professional discourse effect great on the identification of professions. With the help of professional vocabulary and selection of topics we can identify the professional and institutional discourse.

Literature Review
Professional discourse (PD) has gone under assessment for the last a couple of many years. The control named 'professional discourse' made close to one another with the associated fields of progressive discourse, workplace discourse, institutional discourse, and even more starting late, corporate discourse, all related to or genuinely tame to unequivocal sorts of correspondence. From the most reliable assessments and continuing with today, correspondence related examinations have been interdisciplinary, drawing on human science, cerebrum research, human sciences, semantics, and any request that could uncover understanding into human direct explicitly settings The investigation goes out from an introduction of PD (Gunnarson 1997), the separations between the terms 'institutional talk' and 'professional talk' as proposed by Sarangi  We should explore the associations among establishments and discourse. Establishments organize data conveying organizations and shape the formation of discourse and data, which is completely sketched out and pushed along by conviction framework. If we portray reasoning basically as one's viewpoint, which reflects one's monetary circumstance in the public field, by then it follows that way of thinking impacts the course of action of foundations and such discourses that associations make and proper.
Professional discourse analyzes have made in the last a couple of many years. As a control, it has been overseen in a savvy path by many applied language subject matter experts and discourse inspectors. The crucial superb work on professional talk is The Construction of Professional Discourse (Gunnarson et al., 1997), an amassing that got referential for investigating professional talk. As indicated by Gunnarson (1997), professional talk arose out of the general solicitation of applied phonetics and applied talk assessment and has a spot with the area of languages for express purposes (ESP) or unequivocal tongues. The solicitation named 'professional talk' made near each other with the related fields of reformist talk, working environment talk, institutional talk, and considerably all the more beginning late, corporate talk, all identified with or genuinely agreeable to unequivocal kinds of correspondence.
From the soonest considers and proceeding with today, correspondence related appraisals have been interdisciplinary, drawing on human science, cerebrum research, humanities, semantics, and any control that could reveal information into human lead expressly settings. The clarification behind the current article shows the relationship between professional talk, social practice, and sociological theories. The experts who watched out for the relationship between talk, as a rule, or different sorts of talk, for example, political, media, educational, reformist, and so forth and social practice hypotheses understood the structuration hypothesis proposed by Giddens (1979Giddens ( /1994).
The procedure has been reflected in the assortment of papers on SFL and CDA Systemic utilitarian semantics and basic talk assessment: moves in social change (Harrison and Young 2004). Both SFL and CDA have made in-depth appraisals of talk in a few settings, welcoming scientists to discover new transdisciplinary approaches to proceed with talk and figure talk reasoning evaluations. Oddly, professional talk has been researched less overall from a social constructivist perspective (Kong 2014, Smith 2005).

Professional talk and the related talks
Professional talk has an overall late history yet has molded quickly into a complex interdisciplinary examination. It arose out of (social) authentic factors and has become the object of talk assessment, or rather applied talk appraisal, and as a piece of applied semantics. It has been drawn closer as a complex interdisciplinary investigation to which a few methodologies for assessment utilized for the investigation of its obliging solicitations have been applied.
Professional talk, correspondingly as working environment and institutional talk, has discussed talk experts concerning their character and their relationship with different fields of professional specialism. Bargiela-Chiappi and Nickerson (1999) talk around three kinds of talk: a talk called by Gunnarson et al. (1997) 'professional talk', an 'institutional talk' depicted by Agar (1985), Drew and Sorjens (1997), and a 'business talk' (Bargiela-Chiappi and Nickerson (1999). Professional talk was depicted by Gunnarson et al. (1997: 5) in the prelude to their book The Construction of Professional Discourse as having a spot with explicit areas like real, clinical, social government help, instructive and reasonable for which it addresses 'a remarkable arrangement of mental necessities, social conditions and relationship inside society completely liberated'. Bargiela-Chiappi and Nickerson fight that 'past the expressness of individual professional talk there are fundamental thing processes'(1999:1), without, in any case, featuring them. Institutional talk as bleeding-edge by Agar (1985) was seen as a 'correspondence between a topic master and a layman'.

The climb and movement of professional talk takes a gander at looks
Professional talk arose out of the general control of applied phonetics and applied talk evaluation *Gunnarson, 1997). It has a spot with the space of dialects for unequivocal purposes (ESP) or explicit vernaculars and can be alloted arranged different undertakings, for example, exceptional tongues, express vernaculars and considerably additionally beginning late, Academic and Professional Languages. Raquel Martinez Motos (2013) imports the term Academic and Professional Languages from Alcaraz (2000). Gunnarson (1997: 285) mindfully refered rather to 'applied talk evaluation's than to 'professional talk' however, a tremendous piece of her work is centered around professional talk. As distribution chief (close by Linell and Norberg) she besides named a storehouse 'The Construction of Professional Discourse (1997)', a social occasion which got referential for the investigation of professional talk during the 1990s.

he practice-related root of professional talk and its theoretical norms
As per Kong (2014), professional talk contemplates have veered into two direction: from one viewpoint, the applied talk concentrates as significant assessments and discussion or composed exertion appraisals arose sooner than the hypothesis related principles of the solicitation. They re-appearance of the mid 1970s and are focused on the applied talk research achieved commonly in instructive settings. This examination was associated with and zeroed in on investigation hallway affiliation. Kong raises that 'professional talk evaluation has been fundamentally gotten settled the shows of the educating of English for Specific Purposes (ESP), in Britain and on the European landmass, and the teaching of piece and technique for talking in the US'. He alos sees that 'This academic center has moved idea away from the focal issues of power and control to the more useful appraisals of utilization and breaking point.' (2014: 2) Obviously, the hypothetical principles of professional talk, zeroed in totally on what was called 'professional talk', arose later, in the last bit of the 1990s, enlivened by the improvement of microanalyses in the field.
Both the theoretical structure and the utilitarian evaluation depended on language use in generous, business related settings. Two or three subject matter experts, for example, Bazerman and James Paradis (1991) zeroed in on writing in professional associations, Drew and Heritage (1992) saw spoken talk in a mix of professional settings, while Firth A. (1995) isolated intercultural approaches.
Notwithstanding, the broadest essentialness of professional talk is given by Linell (1998), who approves that 'professional talk can be separated into three groupings: (1) intra-professional talk, or talk inside a particular calling, for example, correspondence among scholastics; (2) inte-rprofessional talk, or talk between people from or delegates of various purposes for living, for example, correspondence between clinical prepared professionals and drug deals people, or between bookkeepers in addition, engineers; and (3) professional--lay talk, for example, correspondence among legitimate aides and their customers, or among promoting specialists and their potential customers'(quoted in Kong, 2014: Kong talks about an extra class of talk, the administrative professional talk, a talk used to manage or control a calling. He fights that 'This game plan joins, for instance, the codes of planning gave by a clinical focus to topic specialists and subject matter experts. Legitimate professional talk, normally taking a hindered structure, ought to have a spot with intra-professional or interprofessional talk classes. Undeniably, administrative talk can be made by accomplices or professionals of different requests at any rate there is a huge separation separated and different sorts of correspondence, by and large in that legitimate talk has an incredibly solid normalizing limit in trim and framing the getting question'(2014: 3).
Much equal to such a talk, professional talk's focal furthest reaches is to give and trade data. Kong adds as far as possible or assessment another gigantic assessment, 'the interactional or enthusiastic restriction of language in professional settings, where social exchange of hugeness is dependably being alluded to' (Idem.).
Much comparable to a talk or correspondence, professional talk might be locked in at the going with entertainers: (1) professional friends, (2) novel professionals and (3) laymen. Finally, it will be utilized as an administrative way to control the exhibition of professionals themselves when all is said in done.

The Power of Discourse
The power of discourse lies in its ability to offer legitimacy to specific kinds of data while attacking others; and, in its ability to make subject positions, and, to change people into objects that that can be controlled. For the present circumstance, the overarching discourse on relocation that rises up out of associations like law necessity and the general arrangement of laws is given genuineness and power by their fundamental establishments in the state. Set up press regularly grasp the dominating state-approved discourse and shows it by giving transmission arrangement and print space to control figures from those associations.
The prevalent discourse on development, which is unfriendly to traveler in nature, and favored with force and credibility, make subject positions like "inhabitant"-people with rights requiring security-and things like "illegals"-things that speak to a threat to occupants. Then again, the laborers' advantages discourse that emerges out of foundations like preparing, legislative issues, and from fanatic social affairs, offers the subject class, "undocumented transient," rather than the thing "illegal," and is oftentimes given a part as dumbfounded and careless by the predominant discourse.
Since discourse has so much significance and significantly noteworthy proposals in the public field, it is routinely the conflict and fight site. When people wish to turn out social improvement, how we talk about people and their spot in the public field can't stay away from concerning the cycle.

Research Methodology
For collecting data from Pakistani news channels, the researcher recorded the Pakistani media talk shows of different high rated TV channels GEO NEWS, Express NEWS, and ARY NEWS. The used language by anchor person in talk shows is focused and further analyzed to identify media's professional discourse. A corpus is developed and for concordancing and textual analysis Antcon 3.5.9 version is used. The objective of this descriptive study is to identify professional discourse used by media persons

Sampling
Data related to research were collected from 3 Pakistani news channels GEO news, Express news And ARY news. The corpus is developed on the speeches of different professional and current reputed anchor persons working actively in upper mentioned TV news channels. Most of them are working in this field since 10 or 15 years, and they are well experienced. Their speeches were randomly selected for descriptive analysis. The collection of data recording of three upper mentioned TV news consisted upon 5days is done by the researcher.

Material
In this research one instrument was used for data analysis: AntConc version 3.5.9. For the concordance analysis and textual analysis to identify the media discourse AntConc corpus analysis tool is used. Further concordance and with the help of frequencies data was qualitatively analyzed into tables.

Procedure
Before the start of the process of data collection, most reputed TV channels were selected for required data. All the Talk shows and interviews of set TV channels were recorded in audio and video form. The recorded data was transform into text form and then one corpus based file is developed for further analysis. With the corpus analysis tool's help, AntConc the concordance and frequencies of words were extracted. In the form of tables all frequencies were presented and with the help of descriptive and qualitative analysis of extracted data professional and institutional discourse is trying to find out in this study.

Analysis
The quantitative information was preoccupied utilizing the AntConc 3.5.9 version for the enlightening insights, for example average, frequencies, standard deviations, and means, were utilized to figure the professional discourse. The frequencies of developed discourse were further analyzed qualitatively. The frequencies and averages scores determined the particular words used by media anchor persons on news channels to be identified as their professional discourse. Further, types of words with frequencies were also mentioned in findings part of study.

Results and Interpretations
The reason for this investigation was to identify the professional and institutional discourse with the help of TV news channels.
The examination findings appear in the accompanying order: the analysis of frequent words in numeric form, followed by subjective analysis of media discourse to identify the professional discourse.

Descriptive analysis of Discourse
Media discourse deals with:

Findings and Discussion
Findings and quantitative figures presented that media has particular professional and institutional discourse. They have particular domain like, 32% of their discussion deals with issues of government, 25% deals with crimes and scandals, 19% they deal with investigation and disaster, further 17% their topics of discussion present the governmental decisions and only 7 percent deals with other regulatory authority proposals. So this all presented that they have particular discourse to discuss the public and governmental relation and issues of public on national and international level. This electronic and modern media has so much vast things to debate and they used or employed all tricks to attract their audience. News anchors and other media personalities all the time select the topics according to the current issue in which public has great interest. Now no one can deny with the importance of media, it can develop the mental level of audience. Every news channel has its own audience and developed their minds according to their broadcast.
Professional and institutional discourse in media has been identified in this study. They used their particular vocabulary, sentences and select the topics for discussion according to their own profession and job nature. Media persons have a great memory, source of information, knowledge, links with others, active and opinions, and discussions on topics and issues with great value in everybody's eyes. Most of the time, they start their conversation with I think, In my opinion, As I know, According to my information, I consider, I can prove, I can show, I told you and I have already told etc. It means they present their views professionally on particular topics and issues. So they have professional discourse, their selection of words, selected vocabulary clearly identified the professional discourse.

Conclusion
This study aims to define the professional discourse and identify the professional discourse through news media channels in Pakistan. As indicated by Gunnarson (1997), professional talk arose out of the general solicitation of applied phonetics and applied talk assessment and has a spot with the area of languages for express purposes (ESP) or unequivocal tongues. The solicitation named 'professional talk' made near each other with the related fields of reformist talk, working environment talk, institutional talk, and considerably all the more beginning late, corporate talk, all identified with or genuinely agreeable to certain kinds of correspondence. The study's findings indicate that Professional and institutional discourse present the identity and professional of a particular institution. One particular professional discourse has specific vocabulary, selection of words, start of sentences, topics for discussion and presents their personalities. Professional and institutional discourse presents the identity of one's profession and institution. According to this profession, in professional discourse, people use specific language and particular collection of words. Professional and institutional discourse is usually not used in social setups but in offices and concerned institutions.
This study tries to prove that every context has its own vocabulary and specific domain. In English selection of words and Urdu selection of words by media, personalities present their profession. Their discourse was political 31%, violence 19%, police or military matters 16%, social affairs 13, corruption 10%, religion 6% and war 5%. Means that, 30% domain of media persons' discourse was found full of national and international political matters. Their discourse start form political affairs and ends also at it. Their second discourse is emerging violence in society and the third domain of discourse to present civil police and military matters at the national and international levels. Further social affairs, corruption, religion and war were also found in their domains of discourse. In professional discourse people have specific domains like in this mentioned that media discourse has own domains like political affairs, governmental issue, governmental decisions, corruption, current issues and scandals etc. Secondly, every professional discourse has its own vocabulary and specific collection of words, according to findings of this study, words like Prime Minister, Police, Defense phase, DG Rangers, Chief election commissioner, Video, CCTV, British airways, Twitter, Returning officer, Director General, ISPR, Package, Stationary,Ballot boxes, Ballot Papers, News, Results, Vote, Security, Protocol, VIP, Party, Guard etc.
This study will offer a new dimension to the learners and teachers of critical discourse analysis. This literature review will understand the scholars and future researchers' identification regarding the identification of other professional and institutional discourses like political discourse, medical discourse, educational discourse and judicial discourse, etc. Identification of professional and institutional discourse in the future can help develop more advanced professional dictionaries and with the help of these types of research, new daily used professionals can be included in advance dictionaries. This Corpus analysis-based study gives way to scholars, and they can use corpus analysis tools for the analysis of professionals discourses in the future.
This study is limited to Pakistani Electronic media because just the limited data from particular TV News channels for identifying professional and institutional discourse is taken.
The present research is delimited to analyze the Pakistani TV news channels and their hot and famous live talk shows. The collected data is limited to 30hours recordings of live talk shows Pakistani anchorpersons. Further for the concordance analysis and textual analysis AntConc version 3.5.9. Corpus analysis tool is used to identify the media discourse. Limited and key words or used vocabulary were presented in this study.