International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies
International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies (ISSN: 2709-1554) is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. It covers the latest developments in the broad areas of biology, physics and chemistry. The journal offers readers free access to all new research issues relevant to business and management. While the journal strives to […] Read More
Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development
Experimental Performance Enhancement of a Standing-Wave Thermoacoustic Cooler Using a Random Stainless-Steel Stack and a Water-Cooled Auxiliary Heat Exchanger
Traditional vapor compression refrigeration systems are highly dependent on synthetic refrigerants, which are harmful to the ozone layer and contribute to global warming. Thermoacoustic cooling is an emerging alternative that uses high-amplitude acoustic waves to create refrigeration without moving parts or chemical refrigerants. In this study, we experimentally examined the performance of a standing-wave thermoacoustic cooler driven by a loudspeaker with a randomly oriented stainless-steel mesh stack and the effect of a water-cooled auxiliary heat exchanger on the system performance. A cylindrical PVC resonating chamber was connected to a loudspeaker and an amplifier. The frequency of operation was varied from 50 Hz to 200 Hz to determine the resonant conditions. Four different stack heights of 18-mesh stainless steel (4, 5, 6, and 7 cm) were tested. Calibrated LM35 sensors were used to measure the temperatures at both the hot and cold reservoirs. A copper-coiled auxiliary heat exchanger was attached to a closed water-circulation loop at the hot end to remove the collected heat. An optimum resonance frequency of 113 Hz was determined. The largest temperature difference (19.4°C) between the hot and cold sides was obtained with a 6-cm stack height. The cold-side temperature drop was further increased by 4.1°C upon activation of the auxiliary heat exchanger, and the heat saturation time of the cold side was reduced. This random stainless-steel mesh stack geometry not only exhibits a competitive heat transfer performance but also offers practical fabrication benefits. To realize thermoacoustic cooling in the steady state, active heat rejection through a water-cooled auxiliary exchanger is necessary, and the cooling span and steady-state cold temperature are significantly enhanced.
Thermoacoustic cooling; Standing-wave resonator; Random mesh stack; Auxiliary heat exchanger; Sustainable refrigeration; Stainless-steel stack; Resonance frequency optimization
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies
In-depth Literature Review of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles for Detection of Metal Ions
Understanding the significance of metal ions in various environmental samples has achieved a keen interest by researchers. Because these metal ions have great impact on food chain, health, ecosystem and environment of agricultural, aqueous and industrial populations. Many analytical techniques are used for the detection of metal ions in biological, environmental, pharmaceutical and industrial samples. But in last few decades, Gold nanoparticles have attracted the research groups as they provide immediate visual results by showing instant color change in the presence of target analyte. In this review study we have focused on research articles that provide applications of gold nanoparticles, functionalized with different capping agents for detection of metal ions and enlisted wide list of metals ions and capping agents as well that show selectivity for specific metal ion.
Functionalized Gold nanoparticles; Surface modification; Capping Agents; Binding Sites; Metal ions
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Survey on Fish Diversity of Ishob River in the Khahan District of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan
The present survey was conducted in the Ishob River of Khahan District, situated in the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan. The study was carried out spring and summer seasons of 2025 by using a variety of fishing nets, like dragnets, hooks, and gill nets. During the survey, a total of 140 fish specimens were collected from all three sampling regions. As a result, the Nori Darah region had the highest number of collected fish (44.28%), followed by the Qaria-e-Tang region (31.42%), and the least number of fish (24.28%) was collected from the Pool-e-Ishob region. We found that Schizothorax curvifrons is the most abundant species with 37.85% in all three sites, followed by Glyptothorax cavia with 34.5%, Salmo trutta with 22.14%, and Paracobitis longicauda was less abundant species in the three sampling regions with 17.14%. In conclusion, four fish species, S curvifrons, G cavia, S trutta, and P longicauda were documented in this survey.
Khahan District, Ishob River, S trutta, S curvifrons, and G cavia
Synergizing Big Data and Biotechnology for Innovation in Healthcare, Pharmaceutical Development, and Fungal Research
The convergence of big data and biotechnology is transforming the landscape of healthcare, pharmaceutical research, and fungal biology. This review explores the emerging synergy across these domains, emphasizing predictive analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) enabling real-time decision-making, accelerating drug discovery, and advancing ecological and mycological research. In healthcare, big data collected from electronic health records (EHRs), wearable devices, and population-level datasets support early disease detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment plans. In pharmaceuticals, AI models including deep learning and generative framework streamline drug development by facilitating target identification, virtual screening, and predictive ADMET modeling. These innovations have significantly reduced development timelines and improved precision in therapeutic design. Parallel advancements in fungal biotechnology, driven by image-based classification and genomic analysis, are revealing fungi as critical sources of bioactive compounds, enzymes, and ecological indicators. Predictive models are now capable of identifying fungal species, mapping metabolic pathways, and forecasting ecological patterns, thus positioning fungi at the intersection of environmental monitoring and drug discovery. Despite these advances, challenges persist including data interoperability, algorithmic bias, regulatory barriers, and ethical concerns related to privacy, equity, and bioprospecting. This review also discusses the infrastructure needed to support cross-sector innovation, such as cloud computing, graph neural networks, FAIR data standards, and open science platforms. It outlines strategic priorities for building integrated, explainable, and accessible AI systems, particularly in underserved regions. By highlighting case studies, shared challenges, and future directions, the review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in leveraging big data–biotech synergy.
Copyright (c) 2020 International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies
Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Gene Expression Profiles in Saliva Following Orthodontic Application Force
Orthodontic treatment applies mechanical forces that induce oxidative stress and inflammatory response within the periodontal tissue, potentially affecting oral health. Non-invasive diagnostic method through saliva offering a promising medium for evaluating oxidative stress biomarkers and gene expression profiles. This cross-sectional study assessed salivary biomarkers and the expression of the IL-1β and IL-8 genes in patients with orthodontic appliances, as these factors are crucial in inflammation, bone resorption, and remodeling during orthodontic treatment. Thirty orthodontic patients with fixed metallic appliances (≥6 months) and thirty matched healthy controls, ages 18 to 35, participated in this cross-sectional study. Salivary biomarkers, such as total protein concentration and oxidative stress markers were measured using standard assays. The expression of target genes was determined through Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR and the results were presented as fold change values. Oxidative stress markers demonstrated significant differences between groups, with the case group exhibiting notably higher levels of 8-OHdG (p = 0.0067), MDA (p = 0.0031), TAC (p = 0.0074), and TBARS (p < 0.0001). Orthodontic patients also displayed significantly elevated mean fold changes in IL-1β (p < 0.0001; 4.4) and IL-8 (p < 0.0001; 5.45) gene expression relative to controls. Furthermore, positive correlations were reported between the target genes and oxidative stress indicators, particularly MDA and 8-OHdG. A significant increase in oxidative stress levels and changes in salivary Interleukin-1 beta and Interleukin-8 gene expression have been observed during orthodontic treatment.
IL-1β, IL-8, Bone remodeling, Gene expression, Inflammation, Orthodontic forces, Oxidative stress, Saliva biomarkers.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Investigation of Amoxicillin Usage to Treatment of Diseases in Faizabad City of Badakhshan Province
Amoxicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring in its chemical structure and can inhibit the formation of bacterial cell walls. Due to the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating diseases, people utilize this drug widely. This study aims to investigate the consumption rate of amoxicillin and its impact on humans in the Faizabad city of Badakhshan province. Interviews were conducted between January and March 2024 by using structured questionnaires. In total, 116 informants from 93 households were interviewed and respondents were selected randomly. The results revealed that residents of this city used amoxicillin to treat nine types of diseases, such as throat inflammation, tooth infections, stomach infections, ear infections, and kidney infections. The highest impact of amoxicillin was reported on throat inflammation (20%), tooth infections (19.9%), stomach infections (19.5%), ear infections (18.3%), kidney infections (7.2%), chest infections (7%), and the lowest impact was observed on the common cold (3,6%), urinary tract infections (3%), and sinusitis (1,3%). In conclusion, the residents of Faizabad city widely used amoxicillin for the treatment of nine types of diseases.
Faizabad, Residents, Utilize, Amoxicillin and Health
A Study on the Prevalence of Anemia in Pregnant Women and Its Relationship with Blood Groups in Kunduz City
Anemia is a common issue at various stages of women's lives, particularly during pregnancy. This condition refers to a state in which the capacity of transporting oxygen is reduced; this occurs due to a decrease in the number of red blood cells or decrease in level of hemoglobin.T his study aims to determine the prevalence of Anemia in pregnant women and the significance of relationship between blood groups and Anemia. This research is a survey study that examined 727 pregnant women. The studied population includes all pregnant women visiting health centers in Kunduz city. Sampling was conducted randomly, with samples selected randomly from each healthcare center. The pregnant women included in the study are aged between 16 and 48 years. In completing the designated checklist, the patients' characteristics, including age, blood group, hemoglobin level, Rh factor, number of children (both girls and boys), age at marriage, and intervals between breeding are recorded. The data was entered into SPSS 27 software to analyze the prevalence of Anemia and significance of blood groups. The results of this study indicate that the average hemoglobin level in pregnant women is 10.42 grams, with a maximum of 14 grams and a minimum of 4.7 grams. More than 65% of pregnant women in Kunduz province suffer from Anemia. The highest prevalence of Anemia is observed among the Arab and Turkmen ethnic groups. The average age at marriage for the patients is 21 years, and the average interval between breeding is 1.1 years, with a maximum number of children being 8 and a minimum of 1. Additionally, 87.2% of blood groups have a positive Rh factor, while 12.8% are Rh negative. The results indicate that more than half of pregnant women in Kunduz province suffer from Anemia, which in total it makes 65.2%. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship between blood groups and Anemia.
Anemia, Blood Group, Relationship, Pregnant Women, Kunduz City
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies
Quality of Bali Cattle Spermatozoa During Cryopreservation in Egg Yolk Tris Diluent with Vitamin E
Freezing during cryopreservation causes lipid peroxidation in the plasma membrane of spermatozoa. Vitamin E contains antioxidants that can inhibit the formation of free radicals. The study aimed to determine the effect of vitamin E in egg yolk tris diluent to improve sperm quality during the cryopreservation process with different freezing times on Bali cattle spermatozoa's motility, viability, and recovery rate. Semen was collected using the artificial vagina. The study used an experimental method with a factorial complete randomized design. The first factor was the dosing of vitamin E in 100 ml of egg yolk tris diluent, namely control (without vitamin E), doses of 0,2 g; 0,4 g; and 0,6 g with 3 replicates. The second factor was freezing time on day 0, 2, and 8. Data results were analyzed with Anova One Way, if the significant effect in further test with DMRT level 5 %. The results showed that the dosing of vitamin E and freezing time had a significant effect (P<0.05) on motility and viability of spermatozoa. In the recovery rate of spermatozoa with vitamin E dosing had a significant effect (P<0.05) and freezing time had no significant effect (P<0.05). The interaction of vitamin E dosing and freezing time had a significant effect (P<0.05) on motility and viability. The interaction of Vitamin E dosing on spermatozoa recovery rate was significant (P<0.05). The highest quality value of Bali cattle spermatozoa was in the dose of vitamin E 0.6 g/100 ml of egg yolk Tris diluent on day 8 on motility of 89.10%, viability of 93.33%, and recovery rate of 105.81%. Suspected, the antioxidant content of alpha-tocopherol in vitamin E can affect the quality of Bali cattle spermatozoa during cryopreservation.
Fire Detection in Gas-to-Liquids Processing Facilities: Challenges and Innovations in Early Warning Systems
Fire detection is crucial to safety in Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) processing plants due to volatile hydrocarbons, high-pressure systems, and intricate activities. This study studies GTL plant fires, concentrating on causes and better detection methods. Equipment failures (28.7%) were the main cause of fires, frequently due to inadequate upkeep and aged infrastructure. Electrical problems (14.3%) and environmental causes (15%) also posed dangers, while operational errors (22.4%) and pipeline corrosion (19.6%) were major contributors. The study also finds that processing units (95%), storage tanks (85%), and pipelines (75%) are the most fire-prone areas in GTL plants. Fire risk evaluations reveal that early identification is critical in minimizing fire spread, particularly during the first 3–4 minutes of ignition, since temperature escalation beyond this threshold leads to fast fire amplification and uncontrolled spread. Traditional fire detection systems, relying on heat and smoke sensors, demonstrate moderate efficiency (~70%) but suffer from significant false alarm rates (20%). Infrared technology enhances detection performance by around 80%, however it is susceptible to thermal interference. Machine learning and real-time video analytics enhance AI fire detection, achieving 95% efficiency with a 5% false alarm rate. IoT-integrated fire detection systems provide a contemporary solution, with around 98% efficiency with minimal false alarms (2.5%), so enabling rapid emergency response. This study underlines the need for artificial intelligence, IoT, and real-time analytics to raise fire safety in GTL facilities, therefore enabling quick diagnosis and mitigation of industrial fire hazards. Therefore, proactive fire risk management involving smart detection and predictive analytics determines the sustainable and safe operating of GTL processing plants.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies
Vitamin D Supplements Overdose Toxicity: A Review Article
Hypervitaminosis D, also known as vitamin D toxicity, is an uncommon but serious condition that occurs when the concentration of vitamin D is much higher than the body needs due to taking large doses of its supplements instead of the diet or even exposure to sunlight. The body regulates the amount of vitamin D entering it as a result of exposure to sunlight. one of serious consequences of vitamin D toxicity is accumulation of calcium in the body, which causes symptoms of nausea, vomiting, weakness, & frequent urination due to (hypercalciuria). These symptoms may develop to extend to bone pain & kidney problems such as calcium stones. This condition is treated by stopping taking the vitamin and reducing foods that contain a lot of calcium, as appropriate treatments are prescribed by the doctor and are given in the form of intravenous fluids & medications such as Corticosteroids or Bisphosphonates. When taking (60,000) IU of vitamin D daily for several months it is considered toxic because this level is much higher than the permissible and recommended limit by Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), which is 600 international units of vitamin D daily. In certain cases, higher doses than permitted are used to treating some medical conditions, such as severe vitamin D deficiency, but they must be taken under the supervision of a doctor and at a specific time, while monitoring calcium levels.
Greenhouse Gases and their Role in Air Pollution and Global Warming
Today, one of the most significant global challenges is the increase in climate change due to the excessive emission of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide gas, resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels, and methane are recognized as the primary greenhouse gases and the foremost contributors to climate change. Population density, increased vehicular traffic, industrial factories, and neglect of environmental concerns are major factors influencing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Recent global studies indicate that since the onset of the Industrial Revolution—a period marked by a significant rise in fossil fuel consumption—human activity has played a crucial role in the process of climate change and global warming through the production and emission of greenhouse gases. Understanding how these types of pollution evolve requires attention to the various factors affecting their emission. Accordingly, this study collects and examines data obtained from library-based research using a descriptive-analytical method. Consequences of the greenhouse effect include flooding, reduction in potable water and agricultural products, increased soil erosion, the extinction of some plant and animal species, and the migration of certain population groups. These consequences underscore the necessity and importance of focusing on the use of renewable energy sources.
Gut Microbiome and Microglial Interactions in Neurodegenerative Diseases
The gut microbiome is a diverse ecosystem of trillions of microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. The microbiome has been an area of growing interest as new methods, such as sequencing and culturing techniques, have developed, shedding light on the extensive effects the gut microbiome has on various other body systems. This review focuses on the neurological system and the communication pathways between the gut and brain via the gut-brain axis. Because of the gut-brain axis, a healthy gut environment fosters increased healthiness of the brain, but when the microbiome is imbalanced - a condition called dysbiosis - brain health suffers. When dysbiosis occurs, several negative ramifications occur in various parts of the body. In the brain, microglia cells (innate immune response cells) can express a different phenotype and may be overactivated, resulting in the initiation of proinflammatory pathways. Inflammation in the brain, or neuroinflammation, is a characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Complex interactions between the gut microbiome and microglia exist, including how gut-derived metabolites such as trimethylamine oxide and short-chain fatty acids increase microglial activation and neuroinflammation. However, therapeutic approaches targeting microglia and the gut-brain axis through tryptophan metabolites and bile salts mitigate neuroinflammation. Understanding these mechanisms opens potential avenues for reducing neuroinflammation and treating neurodegenerative diseases through the gut microbiome and microglia relationship.
Genetic Diversity of the Mango Plant Based on Rapd Marks: Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA
Mangosteen is a tropical fruit commodity that is Indonesia's leading export. The location and characterization of mangosteen germplasm and protective relatives are key in the conservation and use of genetic and mangosteen resources. Genetic improvement programs rely heavily on existing genetic resources. This research aims to analyze the genetic diversity of mangosteen plants based on RAPD markers. This research was carried out in Bulukumba Regency through genotypic observation and evaluation in the laboratory, as well as genetic observation through DNA band pattern analysis using the RAPD technique in the laboratory. The results of this research obtained information on phenotypic and genetic diversity, as well as obtaining superior candidate parents for mangosteen, obtaining information about the consistency of genetic variability between parent and progeny of Bulukumba mangosteen, recommending the most effective mangosteen characterization method in describing genetic variability and grouping mangosteen accessions and relatives involved.
Current Status of Marco Polo Sheep (Ovis ammon polii) in the Pamir Mountains of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan
The present survey was conducted to determine the abundance and population density of Marco Polo sheep in the Pamir Mountains of Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. Marco Polo sheep inhabitants in very high mountain regions experience extremely cold winds and arid climatic conditions throughout the year. The Marco Polo sheep is listed as a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List. Field surveys and interviews were carried out from 2022 to 2023 by using semi-structured questionnaires. 98 respondents were interviewed, and line transect walks in the field were used to observe the Marco Polo Sheep in the study region. As a result, a total of 1304 Marco Polo Sheep individual were recorded in the Pamir regions. The highest number of Marco Polo Sheep observations is related to the Tollaboy region, with 452 individuals (34.6%), and the lowest number of observations is in the Angelic region, 93(7.1%). According to the study area's locality, the population density of the Marco Polo Sheep differs in each season of the year. In conclusion, the highest density was in the Tollaboy region with 125.5± 3.5 per km2, and the lowest density was in the Angelic region10.7±1.6 per km2 ware observed.
The Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Surface Roughness and Crystal Structure of ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Electron Beam Evaporation Method on Glass Substrate
The investigation focused on studying the effect of annealing temperature on the surface morphology and crystalline structure of ZnO films. The Electron-beam evaporation method was used to prepare thin films of zinc oxide (ZnO) on glass substrates. The annealing process was conducted at temperatures of 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, and 500°C for the samples. The phase and crystal structure of the samples were determined using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) device. Additionally, the statistical parameters of surface roughness and morphological analysis of the layer's surface were calculated using an Atomic Force Microscope. The obtained results were analyzed using Gwyddion software and MATLAB coding. The x-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the samples exhibit a similar pattern to the reference ZnO, and the crystallite size was found to be larger in the samples annealed at higher temperatures compared to those annealed at lower temperatures. The results obtained from both approaches were in excellent agreement, ensuring consistency in the characterization of surface roughness and indicating the presence of crystalline ZnO within the films. Moreover, higher annealing temperatures were observed to result in increased surface roughness, as confirmed by statistical methods and fractal analysis in the AFM analysis.
Surface roughness; Thin film; ZnO; Atomic force microscopy; crystallite, Annealing.
Correlation of Whole Blood Cell Morphology on Electrical Impedance Spectroscopic Characteristics on the Severity Level of Ischemic Stroke Patients
This paper discusses the influence of peripheral blood smear morphology methods on the electrical impedance spectroscopic characteristics of blood samples from ischemic stroke patients. In this study, there were 26 blood samples, consisting of a control group with 5 blood samples and a group of ischemic stroke patients with 21 samples with varying degrees of severity. The methods used are electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and whole blood cell morphology methods. The EIS method was carried out using the BISDAQ tool and application, and results were obtained in the form of Bode Plot, Bode Phase Plot, Nyquist Plot, and measurement data values in the form of Ms. Excel. Meanwhile, the Morphological method is carried out by making a peripheral blood smear, then viewing and obtaining an image using a digital microscope, and then counting the number of cells using the Image Raster application. Based on the results of the method carried out, the correlation can be seen to conclude that whole blood cell morphology greatly influences the characteristics of EIS and determines the severity of ischemic stroke patients.
Severity Levels in Ischemic Stroke Patients
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies
Physico-chemical characterization of Lake Togbadji
This study focused on the physico-chemical characterization of Lake Togbadji, located in southwestern Benin. The methodological approach followed was as follows: literature review, sampling and in-situ measurements, analysis of collected samples, and data processing. Parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, TDS, and ORP were determined in-situ, while color, TSS, and other parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. The obtained results were subjected to descriptive statistics, the Wilcoxon test for two samples to determine the impact of different locations on the abundance of microbiological contaminants, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using R software version 3.5.0 to group pollution parameters according to different levels and sources of contamination. From our results, it was found that the main sources of pollution in Lake Togbadji are runoff water, various wastewater discharges from artisanal activities, livestock farming, and open defecation. On a physico-chemical level, the recorded levels do not suggest pollution of the lake.
Dégradation physico-chimique, milieu aquatique, lac Togbadji
Isolation and Characterization of Phenol degrading Bacteria from Wastewater
Out of 30 bacterial isolates from wastewater were checked for growth on a minimal salt medium amended with different concentrations of phenol by flask culture technique. The eight most tolerant bacterial strains to the higher concentrations of phenol, designated as W2, W5, W9, W12, W14, W15, W19 and W29, were investigated for their ability to grow and degrade phenol. Among the eight higher phenol degrading isolates, W15 can tolerate up to 1000 ppm of phenol concentrations and grow and degrade 94% of phenol within 72 hrs. The optimum temperature and pH condition were 37C◦ and 7, respectively. The yeast extract is the best organic nitrogen source, while ammonium chloride is the best inorganic nitrogen source for the growth and degradation of phenol.
Characterization; Isolation; Phenol-Bacteria; wastewater
Effect of Pre-treatments on Shelf Life and Quality of Dried Pineapples (Ananas comosus)
This study aims to determine the effect of different pre-treatment and freezing on the quality of dehydrated pineapple using a food dehydrator with a convective drying method. The variations of pre-treatment conducted include control variation (K), immersion in sucrose solution (G), sucrose-citric acid mixture (GS), citric acid (S), thermal blanching (B), and kapur sirih or betel lime solution (KS), with and without freezing process before drying. The S variation resulted in the best shelf life of dried pineapple, lasting 106 days under room conditions using 0.75% citric acid solution. The shelf life of dried pineapple with pre-treatments K, G, GS, B, and K, respectively, were 61, 49, 33, 72, and 20 days. Drying and all types of pre-treatments resulted in a darker colour compared to fresh pineapple. Drying and all types of pre-treatments also yielded higher firmness values compared to fresh pineapple. Freezing prior to drying resulted in a darker colour for dried pineapple compared to unfrozen dried pineapple. Freezing prior to drying also yielded a softer texture compared to unfrozen dried pineapples. According to a group of 32 untrained panellists in the age group of 20-24 years old, the G variation was the most preferred variation of dried pineapple.
colour, drying, pineapple, shelf-life, texture
GC-MS and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Secondary Metabolites in the Methanolic Extract of Uncaria callophylla Blume ex Korth. Stems
Uncaria callophylla Blume ex Korth. is a wild plant species belonging to the Rubiaceae family. These plants thrive in the peat swamp forest of Kalimantan, Indonesia. The stems of Uncaria callophylla have been used by the Dayak Ngaju tribe to treat various diseases and to restore stamina while they work in the forest. The present study was conducted to identify the secondary metabolites in the methanolic extract of Uncaria callohylla stems to increase the knowledge about this plant and its potential in medicinal applications and drug discovery. The analysis was conducted using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. GC-MS analysis was performed with the Agilent Technologies 7890 Gas Chromatography equipped with an Auto Sampler and 5975 Mass Selective Detector. The LC-MS analysis was carried out in the C18 column of the Waters Acquity UPLC system. MS analysis was performed with an electrospray ionization source (ESI) in positive and negative ion modes, and the compounds were identified using a UNIFI data processor with a mass spectrum library of natural active substances from the Waters Traditional Medical Scientific Library database based on UPLC/QTof MSE Data Acquisition. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 24 peaks, and nine of them showed quality 90% or higher, namely n-Hexadecanoic acid (16.63%), 1,3,7-Trimethyl-3,7-Dihydro-1H-Purine-2,6-Dione (13.07%), Hexadecanoic Acid, Methyl Ester; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid, Diethyl Ester; 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid, Methyl Ester; Methyl 14-Methylheptadecanoate; (9E,12E)-9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid; Z, E-3,13-Octadecadien-1-o1; and 2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexanethyl-, (all-E)-. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of five compounds, namely Arecatannin A1, Sweroside_2, Uncarine A, Epianhydrobelachinal, and Betulonic acid. All the secondary metabolites identified from GC-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis have biological activity, which indicates their medicinal potencies. From the result, it can be concluded that Uncaria callophylla stem methanolic extract contains various bioactive compounds justifies its traditional use, and therefore it can be developed further for new drug discovery.
Uncaria callophylla, Rubiaceae, natural product, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, biochemical compound.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Investigating of the Effect of Magnetic Field on a Flint Glass for Optical Isolators Applications
In this study, the effect of a magnetic field on a Flint Glass for optical isolator applications has been reported. A flint glass and a laser light source with a wavelength of 650nm were used as a medium and a light source, respectively. The magnetic field was produced by applying a current through a coil. The linearly polarized light was passed through the medium in the presence of a magnetic field, and the angle of rotation was measured. The angle of rotation was plotted versus magnetic field strength and fitted linearly. The experimental results showed that the flint glass becomes optically active in the presence of a magnetic field because it rotates the plane of linearly polarized light, and this rotation increases with respect to the magnetic field linearly. The Verdet constant was calculated for 650nm, which is a large coefficient for the rotation of the plane of polarized light.
Faraday rotator, flint glass, optical isolator, polarized light
The Study of ZnO-NRs and Ge-chips Bandgaps for the Elimination of Elemental Semiconductors and Compound Semiconductors Applications
In this paper, the bandgap of Germanium (Ge) and Zinc-Oxid (ZnO) materials were studied using two different techniques called the four-probe method and UV-Visible spectroscopy. A chip of Ge and a ZnO synthesized Nanorods on the FTO substrate were utilized as the samples. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy were applied to understand the morphology and the crystal structure of the ZnO particles on the substrate. To get bandgap for Ge, the variation of voltage concerning temperature in current was recorded, and for ZnO- Nanorods (NRs), the absorption spectra in the range of (200-800) nm were taken. Based on obtained data and calculations, the band gap of Ge and ZnO-NRs were determined to be around and respectively. It revealed that the bandgap of compound semiconductors (ZnO- NRs) could be sufficiently large as compared to the elemental semiconductors (Ge), and through that, the modification of various devices is possible in the industry.
Key words: Band gap, Four probe, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Ge and ZnO
Determination of the Optimum Operating Conditions for Integrated Methanol and Ethanol Plant from Natural Gas Reactors
Methanol and ethanol can be produced from many kinds of feedstock. One of the most preferred methods to synthesize methanol is from natural gas, which is reformed to form synthesis gas (syngas) and converted by a catalyst to form methanol. Conversely, ethanol production mostly comes from biomass, which competes with human food fulfilment. Several pieces of literature conduct syngas transformation to ethanol to solve this problem. However, the experiment is conducted on a lab scale or pilot scale. Before the technology can be mass-produced on a plant scale, we must determine the most suitable operating condition for the reactor to escalate the reactor's productivity. This study is aimed to determine the optimal operating condition for the integrated methanol and ethanol plant, which is the reactors. The software used for the study is Aspen Plus V12.1. The independent variables for all the reactors in this study are the pressure (P) and the temperature (T). We add the feed molar flow ratio as the independent variable for the Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) and the ethanol synthesis reactor. The dependent variable that will be used for the determination of the optimal operating condition of the reactors is the reactant conversion and the product yield. The data validation between the experimental data conducted by other authors and the process modeling result is in good agreement with less than 6% of error for all three reactors. After performing the process simulation and sensitivity analysis to determine the optimal operating condition for the reactors, it is found that the optimal operating condition for the reactors is as follows: (1) SMR reactor: 25 bar pressure, 1,223 K temperature, feed molar flow ratio (H2O/CH4 ratio) of 3, (2) methanol synthesis reactor: 100 bar pressure and 503 K temperature, and (3) ethanol synthesis reactor:110 bar pressure, 583 K temperature, and feed molar flow ratio (H2/CO ratio) of 0.75.
Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Nutritional Profile of Ziziphus mauritiana Fruit Juice
Ziziphus mauritiana is a plant species belonging to the Rhamnaceae family. It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, and in Indonesia, this plant grows wild and thrives on the islands of Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa. The fruits of Z. mauritiana are edible, however, in Indonesia, it is underutilized and has very low economic value. To evaluate its possibility to be developed as a functional food, this study was conducted to determine the total phenolics and flavonoids, dietary fiber, and nutrients contained in the fruit juice of Ziziphus mauritiana. Total phenols and flavonoids contents were determined using Folin Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the juice was evaluated using the DPPH method. The content of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber was determined using the standard AOAC analysis method, and proximates analysis was conducted in accordance with SNI 01-2891-1992. The results of this study revealed that freeze-dried juice of Z. mauritiana fruit has total phenols content of 1690 mg GAE/100g, total flavonoids of 15.10 mg QE/100g, soluble dietary fiber of 0.61%, and insoluble dietary fiber 2.03%. However, the antioxidant activity of Ziziphus mauritiana fruit juice was weak with IC50 328.54 ppm. The proximate analysis revealed the crude fiber in the freeze-dried fruit juice was 0.56%, carbohydrates 82.43%, protein 3.34%, fats 0.31%, ash 3.62%, and water 10.30%. In conclusion, Ziziphus mauritiana fruit juice has a high content of total phenolic substances, high dietary fiber, and high nutritional value, therefore it has a good potential to be developed as a functional food.
Ziziphus mauritiana fruits, nutritional profile, total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activities.
Calculation of the Chemical Shift of N-15 by Quantum Mechanics
This study aims to develop a new set of added variables to calculate the chemical shift N-15 based on quantum mechanics methods for a number of periodic compounds using theoretical chemistry (Gaussian V.12, 2010). The relationship between the experimental N-15 was conducted with two mechanical variables, such as SPSS V 2019. The relationship between the theoretical chemical shift values ​​of the N-15 atom nucleus and practical values ​​in literature was examined. Two quantitative mechanical methods are used to extract information to calculate the N-15 chemical shift, the traditional method, the other AB Initio method, and the DFT job theory. The success of the method is determined in terms of the values ​​of the correlation coefficient (R) and the standard error (SE), as well as the material meaning of the specified variables. A good consensus is seen between practical and theoretical values. A comparison was made between the two methods to find out the best in the chemical transformation account. The DFT method gave better results.
Correlation analysis, Traditional method, DFT method, N-15 chemical shift
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Supplementation of Bouea macrophylla Fruit Juice Prevent Oxidative Stress in Rats Fed with High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet through Attenuation of Lipid Peroxidation
Fruits are rich in fiber and antioxidant compounds that can prevent and treat health disorders related to oxidative stress caused by high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD). Bouea macrophylla is a tropical fruit plant with edible juicy fruits. In this study, we conducted experiments to prove the effectiveness of B. macrophylla fruit juice (BMFJ) as an antioxidant agent in rats fed with HFHCD. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with HFHCD for 100 days and simultaneously orally supplemented with BMFJ. Atorvastatin was used as a positive control. At the end of the experiment, the blood and hepar were collected and assayed for malondialdehyde (MDA). The in vitro antioxidant activity of BMFJ was also evaluated using the DPPH method. Total phenols and flavonoids contents were determined using Folin Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods, respectively. Results of the experiments showed that total phenols and flavonoids in BMFJ were 570 mg GAE/g and 31.89 mg QE/g, respectively, and the IC50 of radical scavenging activity was 564.271 ppm. The in vivo antioxidant evaluation showed that supplementation of BMFJ significantly prevents the increase of MDA levels, both in serum and liver of rats fed with HFHCD. These findings clearly indicate that supplementation of B. macrophylla fruit juice significantly prevents oxidative stress in rats fed with high-fat high-cholesterol diets through attenuation of lipid peroxidation.
Antioxidant; Bouea macrophylla; high-fat high-cholesterol diet; malondialdehyde; oxidative stress
Identification of Chemical Compounds in Ziziphus mauritiana Fruit Juice by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS Analysis
Ziziphus mauritiana is an edible fruiting plant commonly found in Asia. In Indonesia, this plant grows wild and thrives on the islands of Bali, Lombok, and Sumbawa. Although it is edible and has good potential as food and medicinal ingredient, in Indonesia, the fruits of Z. mauritiana are underutilized and have almost no economic value. Information about the bioactivity and chemical content of the fruit is limited. To evaluate its possibility of being developed as functional food, a GC-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis was carried out to identify the phytochemical content of the fruit juice. From the GC-MS chromatogram, four compounds were identified with a quality match of 85% and above. The compounds were 5-( hydroxymethyl)-2–furancarboxaldehyde (43.45%), 5, 5'-(oxybis(methylene)) bis-2- furancarbox-aldehyde (25.99%), 2,3–dihydro-3,5–dihydroxy–6–methyl-4H–pyran–4-one (6.05%), and hexadecanoic acid (2.16%). The result of the LC-MS/MS analysis showed 42 peaks of different chemical compounds and included several groups of compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, and organic acids. From these results, it can be concluded that Ziziphus mauritiana fruit juice contains various chemical compounds that are likely to have medicinal activity and therefore has good potential to be used and developed as a functional food.
Fruit juice, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, Ziziphus mauritiana
GC-MS and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Bouea macrophylla Fruit Juice
Bouea macrophylla Griff is a member of the Anacardiaceae family, which has edible fruits. Due to the high nutritional value, appealing taste, and attractive color, the fruit juice of B. macrophylla has the potential to be developed as a functional beverage. The present study was conducted to determine the phytochemical profile of B. macrophylla fruit juice using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. GC-MS analysis was performed with the Agilent Technologies 7890 Gas Chromatograph with automated sampling and tandem Agilent 5975 Mass Selective Detector and peak analysis with the Chemistation data system. LC-MS/MS QTOF analysis was performed with UPLC Waters I Class and tandem MS/MS Xevo G2S QTOF with UNIFI software. GC-MS analysis identified five compounds with a quality match of 90% and above, namely 3-pentadecylphenol (31.68%), 5,5’-(oxybis(methylene)]-bis-2-furancarboxy-aldehyde (5.67%), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxy-aldehyde (23.51%), 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydro-6-methyl (5.00%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (4.71%). Five major compounds were identified for the first time in B. macrophylla fruit juice by LC-MS/MS analysis, i.e., (E)-hexadecyl-ferulate, digupigan A, eburicoic acid, hydroginkgolinic acid, and terminalic acid. The health benefit of some of these detected phytochemicals supports the use of juice as the main ingredient for functional food.
Bouea macrophylla, fruit juice, GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, phytochemicals
Nanoparticle-induced Ferroptosis for Cancer Therapy
Ferroptosis is a recently identified form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD). It is primarily characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxide, which is iron-dependent. Ferroptosis is essential for the treatment of tumors, renal failure, and ischemia reperfusion exposure (IRI). Ferroptosis and nanomedicine are now the subjects of intense study and clinical attention. There is, however, a limited amount of data on the precise molecular pathways behind ferroptosis and the contribution of nanoparticles. This work provides a thorough overview of ferroptosis, its regulations, and the various mechanisms by which iron- and non-iron-based nanoparticles potentially trigger ferroptosis in the context of cancer therapy. We investigated the most recent developments in ferroptosis research and nanoparticles as ferrotosis-inducing agents by performing extensive literature studies based on the notion of ferroptosis and cancer therapy and a thorough examination of various publications regarding nanoparticles. Our results suggest that tumor suppression and treatment efficacy can both be enhanced by ferroptosis triggered via nanoparticles. New ideas and viewpoints have also been put out for the treatment of ferroptosis-induced cancer, which will make a significant contribution to cancer therapy.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Biological, Physical and Chemical Studies
The Use of Lasers (Ablative Laser, Non-ablative Laser, Fractional Laser, Photobiomodulation (PBM)) in Skin Regeneration
Lasers have been used in a variety of industries, but we will concentrate on their use in medicine, specifically dermatology. I concentrated on three types of lasers in this article (ablation, non-ablative lasers, and fractional lasers). The non-ablative laser causes skin contraction as a result of wound stimulation of collagen during the healing phase in the dermis, upper dermis, and thermal ablation. Laser ablation is more dangerous because it heats up the dermis. A fractional laser affects the inner dermis layer, which contains collagen, rather than the epidermis, which stimulates this vital component. An ablative fractional laser, on the other hand, peels off the skin's outer layer. According to research, these three lasers produce unfavorable outcomes. Therefore, PBM technology was used without thermal interactions and effects on the skin, increasing patient satisfaction with rejuvenation. This is what we concluded through the search engines Scopus, Google Scholar, and the EndNote application.
Laser, photothermal analysis, ablative laser, non-ablative laser, fractional laser, photobiomodulation(PBM)