Derivation of Verbs from Loanwords in Arabic According to Arabic Derivational Paradigms

A sample of 186 loanwords with derived verbs in Arabic was collected and analyzed to explore how these verbs are derived from loanwords; part of speech of the derivable source loanwords; which derivational verb patterns are followed; why verbs are derivable from some loanwords but not from others; and the constraints imposed on the derivation of verbs from loanwords. Data analysis revealed that some loan verbs remain as they are when borrowed in Arabic (comment, update). In 41%, the derived verbs in Arabic are an Arabization of the verbs in the doner language. In 59%, Arabic speakers derive a verb from loan nouns for which no derived verbs exist in the doner (source) language. In 12% of the loanwords, two verbs are derived which follow adifferent derivational patterns, with a different meaning and transitivity. The derived verbs in the sample follow nine Arabic derivational patterns regardless of the source language. A root consisting of 3, 4 or 5 consonants is extracted from the loan word, with vowels added in between. 82% follow five quadri-consonantal paradigms and 16% follow three quinque-consonantal paradigms. The most productive paradigm is للعف


Introduction
According to Al-Jarf (2015); Al- Jarf (1994) and Al- Jarf (1990), Arabic is a derivational language in which words are formed from a root consisting of three or four consonants and a set of short and/or vowels that alternate with the root consonants.Different derivational patterns (paradigms) are used to derive agents, patients, abstract nouns, nouns of place, time, diseases, tools, appliances, occupation, relative adjectives, the diminutive and others.For example, many words are derived from the verb ‫كتب‬ wrote such as: ‫كتاب‬ book; ‫كتب‬ books; ‫كتيب‬ booklet; ‫مكتب‬ desk, office; ‫مكتبة‬ library, bookstore; ‫كتابة‬ writing; ‫ِب‬ ‫كات‬ male author; ‫كاتبة‬ female author; ّ ّ ‫كت‬ ‫اب‬ male authors; ‫كاتبات‬ female authors; ‫كتابات‬ writings, publications; ‫كتاتيب‬ Quranic schools; ‫مكتوب‬ letter, written; ‫ب‬ َ ‫كات‬ corresponded with; ‫استكتاب‬ writing to a person asking for something; ‫اكتتاب‬ subscription.
A bilateral root, expressing a sound or movement is repeated to indicate the repetition of that sound or movement as in ‫قهقه‬ giggle, ‫وسوس‬ be obsessed with, ‫كفكف‬ wipe tears, ‫شمشم‬ sniff.Quadri-consonantal verbs are formed from nouns of more than three letters, some of which are foreign words as When foreign words are borrowed in Arabic, some remain as they are in the doner (source) language , and others undergo partial or full phonological and/or morphological alterations to fit the Arabic phonological and/or morphological systems as in the derivation of verbs, abstract nouns, action nouns, adjectives, and others following Arabic derivational rules.In some cases, Arabic derives forms from borrowings that have no derivatives in the doner language, vis English.As a result, they are integrated into the Arabic lexicon and are used naturally like other native Arabic words.Specifically, verbs are either borrowed and Arabized following the Arabic derivational patterns (telephone ‫,تلفن‬ oxidize ‫,أكسد‬ Americanise ‫)أمرك‬ or even derived from loanwords from which no verbs exist in the doner language as asphalt ‫,سفلت‬ LASER ‫,ليزر‬ million ‫ملين‬ (Al-Jarf, 2021).

Literature Review
Loanwords and loan verbs are a common linguistic phenomenon in many languages.Loan verb morphology and adaptation, in particular, have been the focus of many studies in the literature such as loan verb adaptation in Pontic Greek spoken in Georgia (Berikashvili, 2019); strategies and patterns of loan verb integration in Modern Greek varieties (Ralli, 2016); the role of the learned and non-learned level in verb-derivation in Modern Greek (Efthymiou, 2021); the adaptation of English loanwords in Polish verbs (Fisiak, 1985); understanding borrowing through derivational morphology of Czech verbs (Stephen, 2023); a descriptive and comparative study or loan verbs in Maltese (Mifsud, 1995); loanwords and Japanese verbs (Sato,1975); morpho-phonemic adaptation of English loan verbs in Lukabaras, Kenya (Sasala, 2022); middle Mongolian loan verbs they appear in Karachay-Balkar, Russia (Csáki, 2006); borrowing of verbal derivational morphology between Semitic languages: the case of Arabic verb derivations in Neo-Aramaic (Coghill, 2015); heavy and light borrowing of Arabic verbs in other languages such as Spanish, Malay, and African languages (Versteegh, 2011); Arabic and English loanwords in Bahasa (Al-Jarf, 2021a, Al-Jarf, 2009) and others.
Similarly, loan noun and loan verb adaptation and integration in Arabic have been the subject of research for a very long time.
Numerous studies in the literature such as D'Anna (2018) investigated phonological and morphological adaptation of Italian loanwords in Libyan Arabic and found a light verb strategy, involving the use of a dummy verb usually 'to do' or similar verbs plus a noun or a frozen form of a borrowed verb as dār idīr 'to do'.He also found samples of extracted tri-consonantal and quadri-consonantal roots from the original verbs treated as inherited ones.A relatively high number of highly integrated verbs exist in the language, in which a root has been extracted and made productive in the morphological system of Libyan Arabic.The morphological adaptations of English loanwords used in Modern Standard.Arabic was briefly described by Mohammed & Samad (2020) who indicated that MSA verbs are based on roots, and that most of the roots have three consonants as (k-t-b) and fewer verbs have four-consonant and more such as z-l-z-l, b-r-h-n.They classified MSA verbs as perfect, imperfect, and imperative.The adaptation of English words into verbs follows the grammatical rules of verb formation from nouns.They gave one example only of the English word "Facebook" which was adapted and treated as an Arabic word.The authors conjugated the verb /fasbak/ for the first, second, third person singular and plural in the perfect, imperfect and imperative.
The incorporation of English loan verbs in Yemeni Arabic and how they are integrated into its morphosyntactic system was examined by Al-Athwary (2023).Analysis of seventy borrowed verbs collected from different oral and written sources including local TV series and plays, YouTube videos, and followers' comments on social media, showed that Yemeni Arabic employs three main strategies in accommodating English loan verbs: (i) direct insertion with root reduction that is rarely used, (iii) light verb strategy, which was the most frequent, occurring in 50% of the data, and (iii) derivative loan verbs which represent a non-patterned strategy according to Wohlgemuth's framework.He concluded that foreign verbs can be directly borrowed in Yemeni Arabic, and the recent verbs borrowed from the Information Technology (IT) domain provide more insight into the various strategies of loan verb integration in the dialect.
A study by Al-Jarf (2021) analyzed a corpus of English, French, Italian, Latin, Greek, Turkish, Farsi and Aramaic loanwords borrowed in Arabic which have no derivatives in the doner (source) language but have derived forms in Arabic (the recipient language) showed variations in the number of forms derived from NATO, Mafia, federal, tension, nervous, hysteria, maquillage, aristocracy..For example, Facebook is a noun in English which has no other forms derived from it, but in Arabic, Facebook users who are common people have derived the verb ‫يفسبك‬ (*to Facebook), the action noun ‫فسبكة‬ (*Facebooking), and agent/doer form which is a sound masculine plural ‫فيسبوكيون‬ (*Facebookers).The acronym LASER was borrowed from English and the verb ‫,ليزر‬ adjective ‫,مليزر‬ action noun ‫,ليزرة‬ plural ‫ليزرات‬ were derived, although no forms are derived from LASER in English.
In another study, Al-Jarf (2023a) analyzed a sample of native and loan acronyms in Arabic that are pronounced as a word and reported a variety of forms derived from acronyms pronounced as a word, whether they are native or loan acronyms as ISIS, HAMAS, FATAH, LASER, AIDS, NATO, WATA, GMC, CD, and RADAR.The above literature review shows that the derivational patterns followed in deriving verbs from loanwords in Arabic have not received much attention in prior studies which have partially investigated the morphological adaptation of loan verbs in Standard as well as Arabic dialects such as Yemeni, Jordanian, Iraqi, Egyptian and Libyan Arabic.In those studies, focus was mainly on the Light Verb Strategy.Therefore, this study aims to explore the derivational patterns followed in deriving verbs from loanwords that Arabic has borrowed from several languages and several domains whether they are Arabized forms of the foreign verbs or derived from loan nouns that have no derived verbs in the doner/source language.It also aims to find out which verb derivational patterns are followed, which derivational patterns are more productive; why verbs can be derived from some loanwords but not from others, and the constraints imposed on the derivation of verbs from loanwords.
Since the study of morphology, as Al-Jurf (2002) and Al-Jarf (1990) indicated, includes derivation (the process of forming words from bases or roots by adding affixes, by internal phonetic change that involves a change in the word class), inflection (change in the word form that indicates number, gender, case, tense, voice, mood, aspect, transitivity and comparison), and compounding (groups of two or more elements joined together and treated as a unit), this study will only focus on the derivation of verbs in their default form (the uninflected masculine, singular, past tense) whether transitive or intransitive.It will also focus on the derivation of any kind of verbs like tri-consonantal, quadri-consonantal and quinque-consonantal verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, augmented verbs, verbs with different meanings such as reciprocity, movement, intensive, reflexive, estimative/declarative, causative, factive, numerically or temporally extensive verbs, verbs showing movement towards a place, entering a period of time, getting into a state or condition, acquiring a quality, and/or those expressing color, sound or movement.The inflected forms of derived verbs such as the feminine, passive, imperativeّ, subjunctive, case, dual and plural forms, are not the focus of the study.
This study is significant as it is part of a series of studies by the author on the phonological, morphological and semantic adaptations that loanwords undergo as: derivation from native and loan loanwords and acronyms in Arabic (Al-Jarf, 2023a & Al-Jarf, 2021b); rule-based and idiosyncratic loanword plural forms in Arabic (Al-Jarf, 2024a); gemination and degemination before the feminine Sound Plural Suffix in Native and Loanwords in Arabic (Al-Jarf, 2024d); feminine sound plural ending in /ya:t/ and /yya:t/ in native and loan lexemes in Arabic (Al-Jarf, 2024b); feminine sound plurals with /h+a:t/ in native and borrowed words in Arabic (Al-Jarf, 2024c); word formation with foreign affixes (Al-Jarf, 2023b); word formation of hybrid compounds in Arabic (Al-Jarf, 2023d); Arabic word formation with borrowed affixes (Al-Jarf, 2014); pluralization of borrowed social media terminology in colloquial Arabic (Al-Jarf, 2023c); translation students' difficulties with English neologisms (Al-Jarf, 2010); Arabic and English loanwords in Bahasa with implications for foreign language pedagogy (Al-Jarf, 2021a; Al-Jarf, 2009);

Data Collection
A corpus of 186 loanwords used in Standard and Colloquial Arabic were collected from some Arab informants (relatives, friends, colleagues, students), social media (Facebook and X), some school textbooks, some prior studies, some internet glossaries and dictionaries as:  To be included in the corpus and subject to analysis, each borrowed lexical item should have at least one derived verb in Arabic whether it is an Arabized form of a verb in the doner language or whether it is derived from a loan noun with no derived verbs in the donner language.For example, Arabic has borrowings from Japanese such as ّ ‫كايزنّ‬ kaizen, ‫كيمونو‬ kimono, ‫جينكو‬ ginkgo, ‫ساموراي‬ samurai, ‫تشيتاكي‬ shiitake, ‫ترياكي‬ teriyaki, ‫سوشي‬ sushi, ‫توفو‬ tofu, ‫ميكادو‬ Mikado, ‫جودو‬ judo, ‫جيجوتسو‬ jujutsu, ‫كاراتيه‬ karate, ‫شينتو‬ Shinto, ‫ايموجي‬ emoji, ‫انمي‬ anemi, ‫كاميكاز‬ kamikaze, ‫تسونامي‬ tsunami and others but these were not included in the corpus as they do not have any derived verbs in Arabic, the recipient language.Similarly, ‫صالة‬ sala & ‫بالكونّ‬ ‫بلكونة‬ Balcón are borrowed from Spanish, but they were not included in the corpus as they do not have derived verbs in Arabic.On the contrary, filter ‫,فلتر‬ calcify ‫,كلس‬ oxidize ‫أ‬ ‫كسد‬ , oxygenate ‫,أكسج‬ hydrogenate ‫هدرج‬ were included because they have derived forms in both English and Arabic or Arabic only.The derived verbs selectedّare in the uninflected, second person, masculine singular past tense form as this is the default form from which all form are derived.The present and imperative forms should be also derivable.
This study does not claim that the sample of borrowings with derived verbs in Arabic is all-inclusive due to insufficient and inadequate resources and the continual appearance of new derived verbs.
While searching for loanwords from different languages, the author faced the following problems: (i) lack of resources that show all borrowings in Arabic from all languages or from a single language; (ii) a limited number of old borrowings from Farsi and Turkish or borrowings from English and French available in some Arabic online discussion forums, and Arabic language websites which duplicated the same list of borrowings, i.e., they copy and paste from each other; (iii) Paucity of Arabic dictionaries of etymology.The only dictionary of etymology that the author found was that by Abu-Hashimah's (2007), Al-Aboudi (2005) .(2005)ّ and Abdel-Rahim (2011), but those dictionaries focus more on borrowings from ancient languages, Turkish and Farsi, give general words rather loan terms in medicine and other fields.Loanwords in the dictionaries are not listed according to the language from which they were borrowed.In some cases, the equivalent source words in the doner language is not given, there is no relationship between the loanword used in Arabic and equivalent used in the doner language, i.e., the process of change is not mentioned.The dictionaries do not give the derived forms from loanwords that have derivatives in Arabic.Some of the borrowings listed from those languages are not currently used by Arabs and the author herself never heard of those.Only few borrowings from modern languages such as English, French, Spanish, and Italian, are listed.Although Al-Maany Online dictionary, the largest and most comprehensive online Arabic language dictionary, which combines a number of dictionaries together, and has monolingual and several bilingual dictionaries lists the different meanings of a word according to its part of speech but rarely shows the word origin even if it is a borrowing.
While trying to validate the borrowings and their original form in their doner languages, the author faced a problem in finding an authentic, accurate resources in which she can check the origin of the word and the language from which it was borrowed.The author had to ignore some borrowings from Latin and Greek, because she could not verify the exact Greek and Latin source word due to the phonological changes that have historically taken place in the borrowed word in Arabic.

Data Analysis
All borrowed items were entered into a table with all the Arabic derived verbs next to each.The borrowings were classified according to the doner language, the type of item borrowed (verb vs noun), whether the verb is transitive (VT) or intransitive (VI), the meaning and the donner and recipient language.Words were also grouped according to 9 Arabic derivational verb paradigms.
The study did not focus on the phonological adaptation of the loanwords in the corpus, nor on the semantic changes that have taken place in some borrowings.It did not focus on the dual and plural forms of the verbs, nor on the tenses.Results of the analysis are reported qualitatively and quantitatively.

Validity and Reliability
Loan verbs and loan nouns in the corpus and their derived verbs were verified in some Arabic dictionaries such as Al-Munjid paper dictionary and the Dictionary of Foreign Words in Arabic by Abu-Hashimah's (2007), and as mentioned in some online discussion forums and Arabic Language Websites.The derived verbs listed were also verified by 5 professors of English and Arabic linguistics who are native speakers of Arabic, as well as 5 Arab senior college students majoring in English and translation.Disagreements were solved by discussion.

Underivable Loan Verbs in Arabic
Data Analysis showed that in 12% of the loanwords in the sample, some Arabic speakers use foreign verbs as they are in the doner language as in mention ‫; منشن‬  ّ ‫هايلايتّ‬ (V); package ‫;باكج‬ access ‫آكسس‬ and many others.These loan verbs do not undergo any morphological and phonological adaptations probably because they do not fit the Arabic morphotactic and phonotactic systems.The way these verbs sound to Arabic speakers when consonants are extracted from these verbs and combined with vowels to forms roots does not seem to be acceptable.However, to get the meaning and function of a verb, Arabic speakers use a Light Verb Strategy in which they insert verb "do" before these verbs.ّ"Do" is not inserted before finito (IT, finished) ‫;فينيتو‬ Miss you ‫ّيو‬ ‫.ميس‬The light verb Strategy is not the focus of this study as it was investigated by other prior studies in the literature.

Derived verbs in Arabic as Equivalents to Loan Verbs in SL
In 88% of the loanwords below in the sample, presented in sections 4.2, 4.3 & 4.4, the foreign verbs are derived either from a loan verb or a loan noun following a variety of verb derivational patterns, which in turn are based on the extraction of 3, 4, and 5 consonants and adding vowels in between to form roots or base forms.These roots are the uninflected masculine third person singular past tense which constitutes the default form on the basis of which all derived forms in Arabic are created and inflectional morphemes that mark number, gender, person, tense, voice, are added.
The first major result of the data analysis shows that 41% of the loanwords herein are an Arabization of corresponding verbs in the doner (source) language whether it is English, French, Italian, Farsi, Turkish

Patterns Used in Deriving Verbs from Loan Nouns in Arabic
The derivational patterns followed in deriving verbs from loan verbs or loan nouns in Section 4.4 are described below.The following sections show that 2% of the verbs follow a tri-consonantal derivational verb pattern, 82% follow one of 5 quadri-consonantal derivational patterns, and 16% follow one of 3 quinque-consonantal derivational patterns, each of which is described below.
In Arabic, the derivational pattern ‫فعلن‬ /fa‫؟‬lan/ is an augmented verb in which the consonant /n/ is added at the end of the root extracted from a noun to derive the intransitive quadri-consonantal verb root.A final /n/ is added even to some Arabic nouns that do not end with an /n/ as in ‫حمضن‬ /HamDan/; ‫سودن‬ (VI, turn black); ‫خضرن‬ /xaDran/; ‫خرفن‬ /xarfan/ and so on.Interestingly, all the English loanwords in this section end with a final /n/ّwhich necessitates the addition of a final /n/ as a fourth consonant in root verb as it is the case with native Arabic words that end with an /n/.These derived verbs rhyme with Arabic words as ّ ‫كوفلّ‬ /kawfal/ (VT, swaddle); ‫حوسب‬ /Hawsab/ (VT, VI, compute); ‫حوقل‬ /Hawqal, (VI, say no power without Allah's help) which have the same derivational patterns.In the loan and native verbs, the noun from which the verbs were derived contain a long /a:/, /u:/ or /o:/ which are changed into the diphthong /aw/ in the derived verb by a mutation process.

Quinque-consonantal Derivational Pattern ‫تفعلل‬ /tafa‫؟‬lal/
In 7% of the loanwords, the verbs are derived following the pattern ‫تفعلل‬ /tafa‫؟‬lala/ by extracting five consonants and inserting short vowels in between to form a root with the sequence CVCVCCVC as in the following examples: • antica (Sp/ It)> ‫أنتيكا‬ antique ‫تأنتك>‬ /t?antak/ (V, dress up) The derivational pattern ‫ت‬ ‫فعل‬ /tafa‫؟‬l/ is an augmented verb in which the middle consonant of the tri-consonantal root ‫فعل‬ /fa‫؟‬al is geminated to form a quadri-consonantal root, then the prefix /ta/ is added to the quadri-consonantal root to form a intransitive quinque-consonantal verb root.Interestingly both roots ‫أدلج(‬ /?adla dʒ/ & ‫تأدلج‬ /ja?adladʒ/) are derived from ideologize by adding an initial /ta/ to the quadri-consonantal root ‫أدلج‬ /?adla dʒ/.
The derivational pattern ‫ت‬ ‫فعلن‬ /tafa‫؟‬lan/ is an augmented verb in which the prefix /ta/ is added to form a quadri-consonantal base verb to derive an intransitive quinque-consonantal verb root.

Discussion and Conclusion
The current study describes how verbs are derived from some loanwords in Arabic.In 41%, the derived verb is an Arabization of the foreign verb in the doner language regardless of which language it is.In 59%, Arabic speakers derived a verb from loan nouns for which no equivalent verbs exist in the doner (source) language.In 9% of the loanwords, two verbs are derived from each noun, each of which follows different derivational patterns, have different meanings and transitivity.All derived verbs found in the sample follow 9 Arabic derivational patterns regardless of the source language.A root consisting of 3, 4 or 5 consonants is extracted from the loanword with short and/or long vowels are added where necessary.In 2%, the derived verbs follow a tri-consonantal paradigm.82% follow 5 quadri-consonantal paradigms and 16% follow 3 quinque-consonantal paradigms.The most productive paradigm is ‫فعلل‬ /fa‫؟‬lal/ CVCCVC (46%), followed by ‫ل‬ ّ ‫فع‬ /fa‫؟؟‬al/ CVCCVC (19%), with fewer than 10% for the other 3 quadri-consonantal paradigms.The quinque-consonantal paradigms together are used in 16% of the loanwords.All derived verbs herein conform to the phonotactic and morphotactic rules of Arabic and are frequently used in daily speech.
In extracting the root consonants in some compound words as Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Internet, the second element of the compound (-stan, net) is deleted and consonants in the base form are extracted from the first part to form the roots ‫أفغن‬ /?afɣan/, ‫قرغز‬ /qarɣ az/, ‫?/أزبك‬azbak/, ‫?/أنتر‬anter/.
In derived verbs that are equivalents to the foreign verbs Americanize, & veterinarian, all additional derivational suffixes are deleted, and the root consonants are extracted from the base nouns (America, & veterinary ( ‫بيطري‬ .So the derived verbs are ‫أمرك‬ /?amrak/, ‫دمقرط‬ /damaqraT/, and ‫بيطر‬ /bayTar/.
Democracy is phonologically Arabized into ‫ديموقراطية‬ and two verbs are derived.In ‫دمقرط‬ /damaqraT/, all the consonants in the Arabized form were extracted, whereas in ‫دقرط‬ /daqraT/, the consonants are reduced to 4 to make the verb easier to pronounce.Some Arabic speakers prefer the first verb, others prefer the second.
In "go" which is monosyllabic, a verb was created by adding the syllable /tar/ to form the quadri-consonantal verb ‫جوتر‬ /go:tar/ (VI, go) that is used by some uneducated Arabic speakers in Colloquial Arabic.In ‫ملشن‬ /malʃan/ which is derived from militia, consonant /n/ was added at the end to form a quadri-consonantal root from militia.
The derivability of verbs from loanwords in the current study does not mean that verbs can be derived from all loanwords in Arabic.The derivation of verbs from some loanwords is feasible but they are not in common use in spoken or written Arabic.For example, a verb can be derived from Indonesia >/?andas/ and Holland > /halnad/, Romania > /rawman/, Spain > /?asban/, Belgium > /baljak/ but these verbs are not actually used in Arabic.To derive an acceptable verb a loanword, changing the root verb which is the uninflected second person singular masculine past tense form to the present simple, and imperative should be possible and easy.The derivation of a variety of adjective and noun forms from the same root verb is not necessary.
In other cases, it is not possible to derive verbs from some common nouns and names of countries as Singapore Tajikistan, Europe, Belarus, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Mexico, Sri Lanka and many common nouns such as Snapchat ‫سنابشات‬ , YouTube ‫يوتيوب‬ , Instagram ‫انسغرام‬ , bureaucracy ‫بيروقراطية‬ , aristocracy ‫ارستوقراطية‬ , radical ‫راديكالي‬ , microwave ‫ميكروويف‬ , Protestant ‫بروتستانت‬ , Buddhism ‫,البوذية‬ Aristotle ‫,أرسطو‬ Pythagoras ‫,فيثاغورس‬ petroleum ‫,بترول‬ camera ‫,كاميرا‬ due to the difficulty of extracting four or five consonants to create a root.In this case, when consonants are extracted, the string and sequence are not acceptable to Arabic speakers.
Language contact situations of English and Czech, as Stephen (2023) indicated, may lead to an alteration in the morphology of the recipient language.This results in the introduction of newer word forms or a formation of newer morphological variants of the existing word forms in the recipient language.Stephen added that languages often borrow nominal roots and morphologically derive verbs from them.This way, they are integrated into respective derivational classes.This was evident in the Czech language which shows how synchronic derivational resources can be used to probably analyze the effects of borrowing in language evolution by focusing on morphological integration of the borrowed nominal roots in verb formations.Taking Stephen's finding into consideration, no alterations in the morphology of the recipient language (Arabic) was noted in the current study due to its contact with other languages vis English, as verb derivation in Arabic depends on a root-based system, not a suffixing system.Even in cases of underivable words with which a helping verb is used, it cannot be said that this is a transfer from English collocations like "make a comment (V + N)" as collocations with make ‫يعمل‬ /ya‫؟‬mal/ do exist in Arabic.
Both D'Anna (2018) and Hassan (2018) and (Al-Athwary, 2023) mentioned the 'Light Verb Strategy' in adapting Italian loanwords in Libyan Arabic, English loanwords in Egyptian Arabic and Yemeni Arabic respectively.The Light Verb Strategy' is not a derivational strategy in the current study as verb " to do" or similar verbs plus a noun or a frozen form of a borrowed verb were only used in 12% of the words in the current study.This probably due to the difference in coverage and sample size of the loanwords included in this study and in the other studies such as Al-Athwary's which only analyzed 70 loanwords in the IT field, whereas this study analyzed 186 loanwords from a variety of disciplines and a doner languages not only English.
Another discrepancy between findings of the current study and those of Al-Athwary's is that Al-Athwary found derived loan verbs that represent a non-patterned strategy.This non-patterned strategy was not found in the current strategy as 88% of the loanwords in the sample follow the one tri-consonantal pattern, five quadri-consonantal patterns and three quinque-consonantal patterns.
This study agrees with D'Anna and Hassan's studies which found samples of extracted tri-consonantal and quadri-consonantal roots from the original verbs, that were treated as inherited ones and a relatively high number of highly integrated verbs, in which a root has been extracted and made productive in the morphological system of Libyan Arabic.Hassan emphasized that Egyptian Arabic assigns a root to each loan verb, and that the loan verb assumes one of the Egyptian Arabic verbal forms and that.In Al-Athwary's study, loanwords with root reduction were rare, whereas this study found few examples.
Although, native Arabic equivalent verbs exist for most of the verbs derived from foreign words used in Colloquial Arabic in the current study, Arabic speakers seem to prefer to use foreign verbs to native ones.This is similar to findings of studies by Al-Jarf Al-Jarf (2021c), Al-Jarf (2019), Al-Jarf (2016), Al-Jarf (2011) and Al-Jarf (2008) who found that educated Arabs prefer to use foreign words from English or French.For example, students use "class, project, cancel, mobile"; Facebook and Twitter users use "share, comment, like, message, tweet, hashtag, profile, follow"; and TV anchors use "break, media, agenda, politic,".Students and instructors gave historical, sociolinguistic, technological and globalization factors that affect the preference of foreign words to Arabic equivalents, in addition to brevity, poor knowledge of Arabic equivalents, especially new coinages.They think it is more prestigious to use foreign words, because "everybody is doing it" and "it's a habit".They added that foreign words attract customers' attention more than native words, and more customers can be reached worldwide.
The phonological and morphological adaptation and integration of loanwords used in Colloquial Arabic might lead to the marginalization of Arabic, native speakers might lose those words and substitute adapted/integrated words instead.The young generation will grow up feeling that such words Are Arabic as they sound Arabic and are treated like Arabic words.Translation students can play a major role in raising Arabic speakers' awareness of the Arabic equivalents of loanwords and try find Arabic equivalents loanwords that the public are unaware of.This study also recommends that a bilingual dictionary be compiled to show all the loanwords in Arabic and what their Arabic equivalents are, whether the dictionary is online or in the form of an app (Al-Jarf, 2022).
There is a need for compiling an extensive etymological dictionary that shows old and latest loanwords in Arabic in all subject areas and the source languages from which they were borrowed instead of short lists scattered here and there on the Internet the copy and paste from each other.The etymological dictionary should show the historical change in loanwords, and the kind of phonological adaptations that were made.There is also a need for compiling an Arabic derivations' dictionary that shows all kinds of roots and which forms are derived from each (Al-Jarf, 2020; Al-Jarf, 2014).

4. 4 . 6
Quadri-consonantal Derivational Pattern ‫فوعل‬ /faw‫؟‬al/ In 6%, the derived verbs follow the quadri-consonantal derivational pattern ‫فوعل‬ /faw‫؟‬al/ which has the sequence CVCCVC as in the following examples: o Corona > ّ ‫كورن‬ (VI, caught corona) o Soap > ‫صوبن‬ (VT, Wash with soap) o Chauffeur > ّ ‫شوفر‬ /ʃawfar/ (VT, to drive by a chauffeur) o Kalo -pous (Gr) mould ‫قالب‬ > ّ ‫قولب‬ /qawlab/ (V, to shape by putting in a mould) o boussole (Fr), bussola (It), buxula (Latin) compass ‫بوصلة‬ > ‫بوصل‬ /bawSal/ (VT, direct the compass) o ‫صامولة‬ > ‫صومل‬ /Sawmal/ (VT, to fix with a nut) o ‫دوزن‬ (Tr) attune > ‫دوزن‬ /dawzan/ (VT, attune musical instrument) o Over ّ ‫اوفرّ‬ > ‫اوفر‬ /?awver/ (VI, to exaggerate) o Fattura (It, Sp) ‫فاتورة‬ > ّ ‫فوتر‬ /fawtar/ (V, to bill) o Focus > ّ ‫فوكس‬ /fawkas/ (VT, VI, focus) o Go ‫جوتر>‬ /go:tar/ (VI, go) Badarneh (2007)analyzed loanwords borrowed into Classical, Standard, and Colloquial (Jordanian) Arabic from English, French, Italian, Greek and Farsi.He described a number of phonological and morphological processes observed in his data part of which focused on derived verbs and gave examples to illustrate these processes.Egyptian Arabic, as Hassan (2018) explains, adopts two strategies in loan verbs: insertion of a 'Light Verb Strategy'; and Direct Insertion with or without 'Reduction of the Root.'While the Direct Insertion Strategy Without 'Reduction of the Root' is used almost exclusively in imperative loan verb.The same 'Reduction of the Root' strategy is open to any 'input form'.Egyptian Arabic assigns a root to each loan verb and the loan verb assumes one of the Egyptian Arabic verbal forms. 2 The corpus covers 22 loan verbs that are borrowed from foreign languages and used in CA as they are, i.e., without any phonological or morphological adaptations in Arabic.The other 164 verbs are derived from loan verbs that have been morphologically and phonologically adapted in Arabic and verbs derived from Proper Nouns (cities, countries, people), common • Arabized words from Persian.• Arabized words.Riyadh Newspaper • Diwan Alarabia.Morphological paradigms.grandterminological dictionary ‫.معجمّالمصطلحاتّالكبير‬ • Foreign words in Arabic more than we imagine •Non-Arabic words that we used in daily life.nouns as well as technical terms from social media, political, medical, and psychological and other fields.They cover loanwords from English, French, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Latin, Farsi, Turkish and Aramaic, and words from Standard (SA) as well as Colloquial 1 ‫أوزانّالعربيةّوصيغها‬ 2 ‫كلمات_عربية_من_أصل_يوناني#خ/‪ar.wikipedia.org/wiki‬‬ 3 ar.wiktionary.org/wiki/‫تصنيف:أفعال‬Arabic (CA).All 164 borrowings in the data are commonly used in everyday speech by educated, uneducated, specialized, and non-specializedّArabic speakers.