British Journal of Environmental Studies
type: channel
description: British Journal of Environmental Studies (ISSN: 2755-0982) is an international peer-reviewed journal published by Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development. It aims to foster interdisciplinary communication and promote understanding of significant environmental issues. The Journal provides a peer-reviewed, academically rigorous and professionally recognized venue for the publication of explicitly interdisciplinary environmental research, policy analysis and advocacy, educational discourse and other related matters. Contributions are welcome from any discipline or combination of disciplines, any vocation or professional affiliation, any national, ethnic or cultural background. Original research articles, critical reviews, highlights, and perspectives of high quality are published online.
publisher: Al-Kindi Center for Research and Development
language: en
publication name: British Journal of Environmental Studies
issn: 2755-0982
items: Study on Processing of Animal Waste of Cattle Dung and Vegetable Waste of Brassica rapa in Continuous Anaerobic Digester
items: Estimation of Shadan gold grade using borehole coordinate data by machine learning technique
items: Cutting-Edge Developments in Fire Dynamics: Implications for Thermal Injuries and Medical Response
items: Arabica Coffee Bean Growing in the Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai Areas of Northern Thailand and How to Make the Farming More Sustainable
items: An Insight into Consumer Purchase Behaviour Of Green Durable Products in Delhi-Ncr And Western Uttar Pradesh
items: Institutional Enhancement through Green School Program in Order to Achieving “Sekolah Adiwiyata”
items: Ecosystems Defined and Applied to Organizations: An International Perspective
items: Utilization of Eggshell-Derived Calcium Carbonate as an Eco-Friendly Fertilizer Enhancing Growth of Rosa Abientina, Rosa, and Fragaria × ananassa, and Soil Health
items: Building Equity: Exploring the Impact of Sustainable Urban Policies on Social Welfare and Inclusivity
items: Profitability of Conventional Tilapia Farming Business: A Case Study of Fisheries Business Environment of Pondok Mekar Dimembe, North Minahasa Regency-Indonesia
items: Evaluation of the Area of Clean Ice and Debris Ice Glaciers in Salang Area of Parwan Province using Remote Sensing Technology
items: Estimation of Shadan Gold Deposit Lithology Based on Wells Coordinate Data Using Artificial Neural Network Method.
items: Preliminary Study of Accretion Complexes of Mangilu Area, Pangkep Ragency South Sulawesi
items: Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Ghazni City, Ghazni, Afghanistan
items: Critical Social Review on Community Poverty: Mabela, KrooBay and Kuntorloh Communities in Freetown, Sierra Leone
items: Incorporating a viable Renewable-energy System towards Industrial Effluent Treatment & Reuse: A Short Review
items: Design of Urban Lake Park from Ecological Perspective Explore: Tangjiawan Zhongshan Park as An Example
items: Sustainable Development Strategies for Ecotourism in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on SWOT Analysis
items: Study on the Application of Eco Museum Concept in Rural Revitalization: Taking Yim Tin Tsai in Hong Kong as an Example
items: Desertification, Food Insecurity and Right to Food in Cameroon: A Legal Reflection
items: Socio-spatial Disparities of Tobacco Outlets in Edinburgh
items: Truth and Lies: A Case Study of the US Government's Information Dissemination Strategy
items: An Application of Choice Experiment to Assess Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Volcanoes National Park Management Attributes in Rwanda
items: Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Crude 0il Polluted Soil Using Serratia marcescens and its Toxicology Assessment on Aquaculture
items: Agricultural and Extension Education for Sustainability Approach
items: Energy Transition in the Context of Electricity Power System and Climate Change Reality: A Macro Evidence from Ghana
items: Effect of Temperature on Coenzymes Associated with Cytochrome P450
items: Indonesia's Environmental Policy Regarding the Eradication of Illegal Fishing in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone in the South China Sea in 2017
items: CSR-Based Corporate Environmental Policy Implementation
items: Environmentally Friendly Alternative Energy Development Policies in Overcoming the Energy Crisis

Study on Processing of Animal Waste of Cattle Dung and Vegetable Waste of Brassica rapa in Continuous Anaerobic Digester
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of addition vegetable waste interspersed into continuous anaerobic digestions that are normally operated with a substrate from cattle dung. The vegetable waste that was studied in this case is napa-cabbage (Brassica rapa ). An anaerobic digester with a capacity of 200 liters was prepared for this study. In this study, the digester was operated with an input of 5 liters of a mixture of cattle dung and water (50%:50%) interspersed in 1 day with an input of 5 liters of a mixture of Brassica rapa waste and water (50%:50%). The methane content In the system with the addition of Brassica rapa is in the range of 9%-52%. The CO2 content is in the range 15%-50%. The averages of pH is found 7.3 and average temperature inside the digester is 32.1oC.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Animal Waste of Cattle Dung; Vegetable Waste; Brassica rapa; Continuous Anaerobic Digester
  topic: keywords
creator: Tjokorda Sari Nindhia
creator: I Gusti Nyoman Gde Bidura
creator: I Putu Sampurna
creator: Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
starting page: 01
ending page: 07
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2025.5.3.1

Estimation of Shadan gold grade using borehole coordinate data by machine learning technique
type: item
description: Grade estimation is one of the key stages in technical and economical evaluation of a mine. The grade values have significant effect on planning, designing and managing mine. Therefore, it seems necessary to apply methods that estimate these values with high accuracy and correctness. One of the best and accurate methods to obtain a grade in a deposit is to dig exploratory boreholes which is not possible due to high costs. So we used artificial neural network to reduce the costs. Artificial neural network, back propagation error algorithm has the ability to estimate the gold grade using borehole coordinate exploration data. This plan is also consonant with operational and real requirements. Because in all wells, logs are taken and in a small number of wells, coring is done or we may not have a core in some parts of the well or it has been destroyed. Therefore, having a well-trained network, it is possible to simulate the gold grade of the well or the parts without a core. As a result, in each well, an estimate of the gold grade is obtained, which can be used to provide a better and more reliable model for the deposit for simulation. The results of test and validation data indicate the remarkable ability of the machine learning techniques system in estimating the gold grade in the data. Grade estimation using two criteria called squared normalized, and squares mean of network performance error (for train, average is 0.057), (for test, average is 0.094) , (for validation, average is 0.088) and also The regression between the predicted and the real values of Train, Test and Validation are obtained respectively, as 0.90, 0.75 and 0.80. The results show that the neural network gives a reasonable estimation for gold grade.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: grade estimation, shadan gold deposit, wells coordinate data, machine learning
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Latif Rahimi
creator: Mohammad Hanif Rahimi
creator: Mohammad Hussain Behzad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-08
publication date: 2025-11-08
starting page: 01
ending page: 12
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2025.5.2.1

Cutting-Edge Developments in Fire Dynamics: Implications for Thermal Injuries and Medical Response
type: item
description: The study of fire dynamics is largely concerned with gaining an understanding of the factors that control the transport of heat and the propagation of flames. It is vital to have a comprehensive understanding of these systems in order to accurately forecast the behavior of fires and to devise ways that are efficient in suppressing them. Numerous developments in computational modeling, materials science, and sensor technology have been the driving forces behind the substantial progress that has been made in the field of fire research in recent years. This study investigates the fundamental principles of heat transport, including conduction, convection, and radiation, as well as the roles that these ideas play in the propagation of flames in a variety of situations and orientations. An investigation on the movement of thermal energy between a number of different locations is carried out. The dynamics of flame propagation, which include patterns that are turbulent, vertical, and horizontal, are still being investigated in a continuous manner. Furthermore, hardly no research has been done to investigate how these systems influence the spread of flames and the harm caused by heat. Considerable attention is placed on the integration of contemporary technology, spanning computational fluid dynamics (CFD), artificial intelligence (AI), sophisticated fire-resistant materials, and automated suppression systems, among others. As a result of these advancements, fire risk assessment, early detection, and emergency medical response have all seen significant improvements, particularly in potentially dangerous scenarios. The research demonstrates the challenges that are experienced when attempting to accurately predict the conduct of fires in real-world circumstances for example. These problems are the result of the complex interaction between the materials, ventilation, and environmental elements that are available in the surrounding area. In addition to this, it investigates the …
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Fire Dynamics, Heat Transfer, Flame Spread, Thermal Propagation
  topic: keywords
creator: Amit Kumar Dhali
creator: Antu Roy
creator: Shubhashish Dash
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-06-07
publication date: 2025-06-07
starting page: 01
ending page: 15
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2025.5.1.1

Arabica Coffee Bean Growing in the Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai Areas of Northern Thailand and How to Make the Farming More Sustainable
type: item
description: The problem statement for this study was how to improve the sustainability of the Arabica coffee bean growing industry in Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai in Northern Thailand. The focus from that was how to improve the quality of the beans to optimise sale price whilst also maximising yield to optimise income. Another issue arises, particularly in the era of global warming and increased environmental concern, which is embracing commercial imperatives whilst also being environmentally friendly. To that extent a general toolkit of actions can be proposed for the production process but concurrently seeking not simply to sustain the Arabica industry but the whole local environment, its flora and fauna and farming and other families. The final question then becomes how relevant general concepts are in specific local areas of particular terroir (simplifying, soil, climate and topography, particularly altitude) and how adaptive they need to be not only in terms of the geophysical environment but also the human environment and its traditions. Detailed testimony was received from local farmers.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Arabica, Chiang Rai, coffee, Northern Thailand, sustainability, agroforestry, regenerative agriculture, carbon capture, carbon offset
  topic: keywords
creator: Mark Azavedo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 09
ending page: 19
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2024.4.2.2

An Insight into Consumer Purchase Behaviour Of Green Durable Products in Delhi-Ncr And Western Uttar Pradesh
type: item
description: The aim of this paper is to explore the consumer perception, adoption, and purchase behavior for green durable products among the consumers of Delhi NCR and Western Uttar Pradesh. A questionnaire based on convenience sampling was designed to collect the data. Around 400 respondents were contacted to fill out the survey questionnaire. Despite our sincere efforts, only 302 completed filled-in questionnaires were returned by the respondents. These 302 samples were further used for data analysis and hypotheses testing of the study using SPSS software. Results of hypotheses testing show that consumers' environmental knowledge and environmental awareness have the most significant influence on consumer perception of green, durable products. The perception of consumers favorably influences their attitude towards green durable products, which in turn positively impacts consumer purchase behavior of green durable products. The results further indicate that consumers perceive green products as environmentally friendly, and they are likely to shift their consumption towards green products, especially consumers who are environmentally conscious.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Green marketing; Environmental sustainability; Green durable products; Purchase behaviour; Ecological marketing; Consumer perception; Sustainable consumption
  topic: keywords
creator: Shweta Kumar
creator: Rahul Kumar
creator: Md. Shahnawaz Abdin
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-09-01
publication date: 2024-09-01
starting page: 01
ending page: 08
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2024.4.2.1

Institutional Enhancement through Green School Program in Order to Achieving “Sekolah Adiwiyata”
type: item
description: “Sekolah Adiwiyata” or green school, is a program implemented in Indonesia as part of efforts to integrate environmental education and sustainability into the formal education system. Internalization and implementation are not limited to students alone but also involve teachers, parents, and other school community members. Additionally, the concept of green schools is internalized and implemented in the teaching curriculum. SD Muhammadiyah 24 Surakarta is one of the elementary schools that has begun implementing the green concept. However, in this case study, there are several issues in the implementation of the green concept in the school, such as readiness in terms of human resources, school management, and low information systems. In order to assist in resolving these issues, the P2AD Management team from UMS conducted institutional enhancement at SD Muhammadiyah 24 Surakarta through several work programs of community development such as green school workshops, assistance in designing the school website, and providing three-color waste bins (organic, inorganic, hazardous) along with explanations on their use. The method used in implementing the service program includes preparation and coordination, program implementation, evaluation, and monitoring.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: case study
  topic: keywords
subject: community development
  topic: keywords
subject: green school
  topic: keywords
subject: prymary school institutional
  topic: keywords
subject: SD Muhammadiyah 24 Surakarta
  topic: keywords
creator: Rini Kuswati
creator: Bella Ananda Choirunnisa
creator: Mirzam Arqy Ahmadi
creator: Novel Idris Abbas
creator: Jati Waskito
creator: Nur Achmad
creator: Soepatini Soepatini
creator: Zulfa Irawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2024-05-31
publication date: 2024-05-31
starting page: 41
ending page: 47
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2024.4.1.6

Ecosystems Defined and Applied to Organizations: An International Perspective
type: item
description: This article highlights the emerging applications of business ecosystems to organizations across a spectrum of disciplinaries. The article begins with a historical overview of business ecosystems, and a comparative analytical overview of the emergent intersectoral applied use of ecosystems in GCC and G20 governments. Furthermore, the article extends to illustrations of health sector ecosystems in GCC and G20 countries. It concludes with the advantages and disadvantages of vividly applying the ecosystem mindset pragmatically to organizational structures and governance.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Business Ecosystems, Intersectoral Use of Ecosystems, GCC and G20 Governments, Organizational Structures and Governance, Health Sector, Saudi Commission for Health Specialties
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa M. Bodrick
creator: Abdullah A. Alhawas
creator: Mohammed Alsuhaim
creator: Yasir S. Almuways
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-05-19
publication date: 2024-05-19
starting page: 35
ending page: 40
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2024.4.1.5

Utilization of Eggshell-Derived Calcium Carbonate as an Eco-Friendly Fertilizer Enhancing Growth of Rosa Abientina, Rosa, and Fragaria × ananassa, and Soil Health
type: item
description: This research paper investigates the potential of eggshells as an eco-friendly fertilizer for enhancing the growth of Fragaria Ananassa (commonly known as strawberry), Rosa Abientina, and Rosa while also exploring its influence on soil microbial dynamics through calcium carbonate enrichment. The study employs a multifaceted approach, integrating greenhouse experiments and soil analyses to comprehensively assess the impact of eggshell-derived calcium carbonate on plant physiology and soil microbial communities. The findings aim to contribute valuable insights into sustainable agricultural practices and the utilization of organic waste materials for improved crop cultivation. Eggshell-derived calcium carbonate emerges as a compelling solution for environmentally mindful fertilization, offering multifaceted benefits in enhancing plant growth and fortifying soil health. By controlling the potential of kitchen waste repurposing, farmers can revolutionize agricultural practices, concurrently improving soil fertility while mitigating waste accumulation. This study's insights underscore the transformative potential of eggshell-based fertilizers, not only in optimizing agricultural productivity but also in fostering a sustainable approach to food production. Furthermore, the experimental findings reveal promising results, especially with species such as Rosa Abientina, Fragaria Ananass, and Rosa, where all three species showed a significant increase in height after being treated with powdered eggshells. This underscores the efficacy of eggshell-derived calcium carbonate in promoting robust growth across diverse plant species. Embracing these innovations holds promise for addressing the pressing challenges of environmental sustainability and global food security, marking a significant stride towards a more resilient and resource-efficient agricultural ecosystem.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Eggshell fertilizer, eco-friendly fertilizer, soil microbial dynamics, calcium carbonate enrichment, sustainable agricultural practices, organic waste materials, calcium carbonate impact, eggshell benefits, plant growth, nutrient enrichment, organic farming, sustainable agriculture, environmentally friendly fertilizer, natural fertilizer, plant nutrition soil amendment, agricultural sustainability
creator: Owais Gul
creator: Lara Mustafa Shoqer
creator: Lareen Falah Aldeen Bahaa
creator: Yamen Mumeen Mustafa Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-04-03
publication date: 2024-04-03
starting page: 29
ending page: 34
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2024.4.1.4

Building Equity: Exploring the Impact of Sustainable Urban Policies on Social Welfare and Inclusivity
type: item
description: This study, "Building Equity: Exploring the Impact of Sustainable Urban Policies on Social Welfare and Inclusivity," investigates the relationship between sustainable building policies in urban areas and their impact on social welfare, with a focus on protecting low-income households from utility shutoffs. Employing Urban Sociology and Welfare Theory, it examines how these policies influence urban social dynamics and residents' well-being. The research utilizes descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multinomial logistic regression to analyze the correlation between sustainable building policies and social welfare measures, finding a significant link. The study emphasizes the need for integrated urban policies that cater to both environmental sustainability and social welfare. It highlights the importance of enhancing social safety nets, continuous policy evaluation, community involvement, and data-driven policymaking. The research points out its limitations in scope, methodology, and generalizability, suggesting the necessity for broader, more context-specific future studies. Overall, this study sheds light on how sustainable urban policies can promote both environmental and social equity.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Sustainable Building Policies, Social Welfare Measures, Urban Sociology, Welfare Theory, Low-Income Households, Utility Shutoff Protection, Environmental Sustainability, Urban Policy Development, Data-Driven Decision Making, Social Equity in Urban Planning
creator: Pavel, Md Eyasin Ul Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-03-05
publication date: 2024-03-05
starting page: 18
ending page: 28
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2024.4.1.3

Profitability of Conventional Tilapia Farming Business: A Case Study of Fisheries Business Environment of Pondok Mekar Dimembe, North Minahasa Regency-Indonesia
type: item
description: The agricultural sector is one of the pillars supporting the development of the Indonesian nation. The participation of the agricultural sector encompasses food crops, plantations, livestock, fisheries, and forestry. One aspect of fisheries to support the development of the Indonesian nation is through fish farming efforts and the income of fish farmers. Tilapia fish farming is a common freshwater fish production practised in the North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. In production activities, the primary goal of cultivation is to maximize business profits. This research aims to determine the profitability of tilapia fish farming at Pondok Mekar in the Dimembe Village, Dimembe District, North Minahasa Regency, focusing on the feeding method using hands. The research results indicate that tilapia fish farming at Pondok Mekar generates a profit of IDR 55,640,337.66 per production period (four months) per hectare, with a Return Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio) of 1.37.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Fish farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Profitability
  topic: keywords
subject: Income
  topic: keywords
subject: R/C Ratio
  topic: keywords
creator: Stella T. Kaunang
creator: Agustinus Mingga
creator: Wempie Uguy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2024-01-14
publication date: 2024-01-14
starting page: 09
ending page: 17
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2024.4.1.2

Evaluation of the Area of Clean Ice and Debris Ice Glaciers in Salang Area of Parwan Province using Remote Sensing Technology
type: item
description: The subject of my research paper is the Salang glaciers in Parwan province using GIS technology and remote sensing, the region has been researched by the mentioned technology, and within twenty years, from 1999 to 2019, the natural glaciers of the Salang area have been evaluated, and every five years a separate map has been arranged, the figures and data of each year have been calculated in separate tables. Since it is difficult to study the Salang glacier area closely, by using remote sensing technology, I have succeeded in evaluating its area, volume, and changes during the mentioned years. At first, it received its satellite images; later, it was corrected by the ENVI program, and the images were entered into the eCognation DEVELOPER and ArcGIS programs to reveal its bare and covered glacier areas.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: GIS, Remote Sensing, Glacier, Map, Salang, ENVI, eCognition
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Ormal
creator: ZABIHULLAH ZAKIR
creator: WAZIR AHMAD FOOSHANJI
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2024-01-01
publication date: 2024-01-01
starting page: 01
ending page: 08
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2024.4.1.1

Estimation of Shadan Gold Deposit Lithology Based on Wells Coordinate Data Using Artificial Neural Network Method.
type: item
description: Machine learning today has become a more effective instrument to solve many particular problems where there are difficulties problems to predicted lithology. In other words, it is a great tool for describing non-linear phenomena. We tried to use this technique to improve the existing process of predicted lithology and reduce costs on site by applying computer leaded predictions on the basis of existing on-field collected data. The dissertation describes the usage of machine learning algorithms for predicted lithology modelling based on exploration wells coordinate data for Shadan Gold Deposit. We use core analysis and well testing to determine the lithology. Unfortunately, coring from each well in the Shadan gold deposit is very expensive. However, because of the importance of this information which is obtained from lithology, it is necessary to coring from some of the deposit wells. The purpose of this study is to give a prediction of lithology in the Shadan gold deposit using an artificial neural network with back propagation algorithm (BP) and Trainlm algorithm with Mat lab software from Exploration wells coordinate data. This method can reduce the requirement of coring and reduce the costs. The area we have studied consists of six lithologies, including Andesite, Granodiorite, propylitic Alteration, Silicated Andesite, Limestone and Silica Streak. The regression between the predicted and the real values of Train, Test and Validation are obtained, respectively, as 0.94, 0.93 and 0.93. And also, RMSE the Train, Test and Validation are obtained respectively, as 0.1000, 0.1252 and 0.1012. The results show that the neural network gives a reasonable estimation for lithology.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Lithology Modelling, Shadan Gold Deposit, wells coordinate data, artificial neural network method
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Hanif Rahimi
creator: Mohammad Latif Rahimi
creator: Mohammad Naeem Sarwary
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-08-28
publication date: 2023-08-28
starting page: 01
ending page: 10
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2023.3.2.1

Preliminary Study of Accretion Complexes of Mangilu Area, Pangkep Ragency South Sulawesi
type: item
description: The exposure of Mesozoic rocks in the Mangilu area, both as a result of tectonic deformation in the form of mélange, low-high degree metamorphism and deep-sea sediments (flysch, radiolarian cherts, and sediment flow in the form of olistostrome), which formed in the subduction zone indicates complex accretionary rocks. The purpose of this study is to identify and study the accretionary complex trace rocks of the Mesozoic era. The method used in this study was field observation, including collection of geological data, tectonic deformation, rock groups and laboratory analysis (petrography). In general, the accretion complex is divided into 2 categories, namely a). oceanic volcanic groups and sediments of the oceanic crust; b). terigenous sediments from continents with sialic beds. The oceanic volcanic group consists of gabbro, diabase, dolerite, pillow and hyaloclastic lava, and oceanic sediments consist of radiolarian chert and mali limestone. The terigen sedimentary group consists of flysch type sandstones and olistostrome flow sediments with components in the form of granite, granodiorite, dacite and diabase. Other components found in autoclastic breccia rocks in the Mangilu area consist of metaperidotite, serpentinite, quartzite and metachert. Based on the Oceanic Plate Stratigraphy (OPS) arrangement, the autoclastic breccia rocks in the Mangilu area consist of bottom up, namely ultramafic/serpentinite, gabbro, diabase, pillow basaltic lava, hyaloclastic, radiolarian chert, mali limestone and flysch sediments. The mixing of rocks originating from oceanic plates with continental plates in autoclastic breccias indicates that the Mesozoic accretion complex in the Mangilu area has experienced strong deformation in the form of thurst in the Tertiary era.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Accretion complex, autoclastic breccia, Mangilu
  topic: keywords
creator: Hasanuddin
creator: Kaharuddin MS
creator: Muh. Adam
creator: M. Fathurahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-05-20
publication date: 2023-05-20
starting page: 13
ending page: 22
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2023.3.1.2

Analysis of Groundwater Quality in Ghazni City, Ghazni, Afghanistan
type: item
description: Historical groundwater level and water quality data in Ghazni province poorly were reviewed and compared with the data collected in the past than recently. The results suggest that the groundwater quality and water level have been improved progressively with urban development, land use, climate change, social development and frequent drought events. The main impact of these events include; 1- most of the springs and flumes have dried up; 2- decreased annual atmospheric precipitation; 3- increased serious deterioration of water quality; 4- increased water logging and irregulation salinization; 5-declining of water level in excess of recharge trend; 7- increased evaporation and discharge; 6- marshes dried up in several areas of the Basin, leaving salt crust at the surface. The above impacts have resulted in the replacement of surface water with groundwater resources to support socio-economic development. This, however, is basically not possible because of the low thickness and productivity of the aquifers. We have done very little to advertency water quality deterioration and serious lowering of the groundwater level due to fragmented institutional arrangements and poor formulation of effective water policies, strategies and regulations for integrated groundwater resources management, development, protection and sustainability. Groundwater natural reserves have been depleted, and water quality has deteriorated due to over-exploitation. Overall Afghanistan, Arsenic (total as) contamination are an issue of current drinking water supply systems where users have been using groundwater sources. Arsenic contamination is a major environmental health management concern, especially in Ghazni province in the WASH sector. Increasing human activities and haphazard urbanization have modified the cycle of heavy metal, non-metal and metalloids. The arsenic contaminated groundwater used for drinking can cause an adverse effect on the human health of the study area. The water quality …
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Natural groundwater resources depletion; study Arsenic concentration variation, water table variation fluctuation, determined the water Ions and nitrate concentration in the Ghazni city.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Naeem Sarwary
creator: Mohammad Hussain Behzad
creator: Mohammad Latif Rahimi
creator: Abdulbaqi Ahmani
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-02-25
publication date: 2023-02-25
starting page: 01
ending page: 12
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2023.3.1.1

Critical Social Review on Community Poverty: Mabela, KrooBay and Kuntorloh Communities in Freetown, Sierra Leone
type: item
description: Long ago, scholars noted an inseparable link between poverty and the community, especially in works and social discourses concerning sustainable development and structural adjustment, although it is concluded that this link has not been explored systematically (Fur, 1991). The cost of the community is sometimes affected by the level and degree of poverty experienced by people living in urban communities. Bolay (2000) believes that slums are ‘characterised by the precarious nature of their habitat; and that beyond this, it can genuinely be seen as ‘hut house’ of cultural creativity, economic invention, and social innovation.’ This position underpinning slum dwellers has been translated as one that connects them to communal resources. In this regard, this article is grounded on two contradictory conceptual and social postulates: the Orthodox and the New Thinking Schools. Proponents of these schools acknowledge the fact that there is a degree of linkage between poor people and the community. However, the divergence in perception between the two ideologies lies in their conception of poor people in relation to the community surrounding them. For the Orthodox, the poverty-stricken situation of slum urban dwellers forces them to exploit and degrade the community. This, in turn, results in their impoverishment in a downward spiral. Scholars of the New wave of Thinking refute this stance by considering poor people as having the capability of salvaging the environment by adding value to it. For them, communal problems stem from some natural occurrences external to the community. A major characteristic of views from scholars on poverty and the community is that they take poor people as the causal variable who are forced by appalling circumstances to exhaust the communal resources.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Social, Community poverty, Sierra Leone experience
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Bangura
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2022-12-03
publication date: 2022-12-03
starting page: 24
ending page: 34
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.2.5

Incorporating a viable Renewable-energy System towards Industrial Effluent Treatment & Reuse: A Short Review
type: item
description: In many regions throughout the continent, industries and farms struggle with low-quality water supplies. They threaten environmental health and the safety of drinking and industrial waterways. The regeneration of industrial effluents is modeled in detail in this study. Solar stills are designed to emulate natural evaporation, purifying effluent from industrial processes. This approach is best suited for small, off-grid structures that produce their own power from renewable sources and have a salinity effluent stream. Effluent recycling is a useful process that benefits both commercial and agricultural endeavors. Renewable power solutions that use concentrated sun electricity are reviewed in this paper. This study develops and evaluates a solar concentration system based on a parabolic reflector for water recycling and reuse that makes use of air-condensed water, solar stills, and salt effluent. Desalinating industrial effluent using only renewable energy is the goal of this research. This technique relies on research on how solar panels and collectors may enhance solar still processing.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Environment, industrial effluent, renewable energy, solar collectors
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdeljalil Adam
creator: Nabil Saffaj
creator: Rachid Mamouni
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2022-11-06
publication date: 2022-11-06
starting page: 20
ending page: 23
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.2.4

Design of Urban Lake Park from Ecological Perspective Explore: Tangjiawan Zhongshan Park as An Example
type: item
description: The lake has long been an important ecological space in the city and a public open space that people are eager to get close to. Under the background of ecological civilization construction, it is of great significance to constantly explore how to give full play to the ecological value and humanistic service value of urban lakes and create urban lake parks where people and nature coexist harmoniously. From the ecological perspective, four requirements are put forward for the design of urban lake parks: ensuring water security and clean water quality, establishing a complete regional ecosystem, improving the level of biodiversity, and injecting people-oriented service functions. Taking Zhongshan park as an example, the corresponding strategies are applied to the park design, building a natural ecological lakeside leisure space and creating a safe, ecological, and dynamic urban lake park to help the healthy development of the city.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Urban lake park; Ecological civilization; Landscape design; ecosystem; ecological value
  topic: keywords
creator: Junxin Song
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2022-09-17
publication date: 2022-09-17
starting page: 13
ending page: 19
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.2.3

Sustainable Development Strategies for Ecotourism in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on SWOT Analysis
type: item
description: This paper discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of sustainable development of ecotourism in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on the SWOT analysis and provides corresponding strategies for the future sustainable development model. The sustainable development of ecotourism in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has both natural and cultural strengths. The unique natural and cultural landscape provide the foundation for it, and international and domestic policies, financial support, and professional theories ensure its development. It is supported by a feasibility study and conforms to the times. To spur the sustainable development of ecotourism and establish the status of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in ecotourism, we must 1) make rational use of ESG and green finance and adhere to the development route suitable for the local conditions; 2) pay attention to the feasibility of ecological service-based economy in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and rationally apply it to the development of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; 3) improve the service level of the tourism industry in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, strengthen industry regulation and training, and improve tourists' experience in tourist destinations. To promote the development of ecotourism in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we must attach equal emphasis on the protection of the ecological environment and biodiversity and neglect neither economic development nor ecological protection in an attempt to create a better future for the Qinghai-Tibet region.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ecotourism, Sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Qiyun Xiao
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2022-09-17
publication date: 2022-09-17
starting page: 08
ending page: 12
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.2.2

Study on the Application of Eco Museum Concept in Rural Revitalization: Taking Yim Tin Tsai in Hong Kong as an Example
type: item
description: This paper discusses the relationship between Eco Museum and rural revitalization. This study explores the possibility of combining the Eco Museum concept with rural revitalization to find a way out for the village's future development. From the perspective of the components of an Eco Museum, this study selects Yim Tin Tsai in Hong Kong as the research object to elaborate and evaluate the application of the Eco Museum concept in the restoration project of Yim Tin Tsai in order to provide a reference for the practice of the Eco Museum concept in China. The study concludes that the local residents of Yim Tin Tsai have been given autonomy to preserve their own local nature and cultural resources in situ. On the basis of this, Yim Tin Tsai has been able to develop sustainably and generate economic benefits for local residents. This study illustrates that it is feasible to realize rural revitalization while practicing the concept of Eco Museum.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Eco Museum; Rural Revitalization; Community Participation; Yim Tin Tsai
  topic: keywords
creator: Yunxuan Gu
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2022-08-30
publication date: 2022-08-30
starting page: 01
ending page: 07
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.2.1

Desertification, Food Insecurity and Right to Food in Cameroon: A Legal Reflection
type: item
description: Land is a vital resource that enables food production, and conservation of biodiversity facilitates natural management of water systems and, above all, acts as a carbon sink. The land, therefore, is fundamental to the ability humans possess to adequately feed, manage their water supply and adapt to extreme weather events. If not adequately managed, the land would degrade, erode and eventually result in the phenomenon of desertification – a monster capable of rendering millions malnourished, poor and unable to feed themselves and their families around the world. Desertification can result in forced migration, social instability and human inability to feed themselves. With these, desertification can lead to human rights abuse, especially the right to food, considered ideal for the enjoyment of the right to life. With the adoption of international, regional and national laws for the combat against desertification, there is a need to investigate the extent to which the right to food and human rights as a whole can be guaranteed. Thus, it is the dire need to feed humans that the ecosystems are degraded. Through the degradation of ecosystems by way of desertification, human rights,, especially the right to food,, are being compromised. To effectively harness this, stakeholders, including the State, farmers, local communities, and non-governmental organizations, must appropriate and effectively implement the decentralization package Cameroon has opted for, especially as it devolves effective participation in decision-making at all levels.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Desertification, land degradation, human rights, the right to food, food security, human well-being
  topic: keywords
creator: KASPA, K. NYONGKAA
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2022-04-20
publication date: 2022-04-20
starting page: 77
ending page: 86
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.1.8

Socio-spatial Disparities of Tobacco Outlets in Edinburgh
type: item
description: This paper joins spatial autocorrelation models (Global Moran's index, Local Moran index) to analyse the distribution of cigarette vending outlets in Edinburgh and utilises global regression (OLS) models and Geographically Weighted Regression models (GWR) to examine the spatial heterogeneity of fiscal and social factors that affect the distribution of retail outlets in Edinburgh. The results demonstrate that Edinburgh has a considerable spatial agglomeration of cigarette retail outlets, with a clear trend towards clustering in high and low-value areas of retail outlet distribution, showing significant geographical characteristics. The impact of each element on the distribution of cigarette retail outlets was analysed utilising the ranking of the elements in SIMD (The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation) as explanatory variables. It was established that data regions with a high ranking in education, skills, and training and those with a high ranking in geographic access to services revealed a positive trend in the density distribution of cigarette retail outlets, while data regions with a high ranking in housing and those with a high ranking in crime revealed a negative trend on the density distribution of cigarette retail outlets. The outcomes are different from prior observations, so this paper specifically analyses the differences in the extent to which each influencing element affects cigarette retail outlets in Edinburgh across data regions, which will supply a scientific basis for decreasing the prevalence of smoking, decreasing socio-economic inequalities in smoking, and increasing diverse local tobacco control intervention strategies.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Tobacco outlets, SIMD, Spatial Autocorrelation, GWR, Edinburgh
  topic: keywords
creator: Yiqun Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2022-04-16
publication date: 2022-04-16
starting page: 66
ending page: 76
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.1.7

Truth and Lies: A Case Study of the US Government's Information Dissemination Strategy
type: item
description: As a chemical spill that caused serious harm, the Love Canal chemical disaster brought heavy financial, social and public pressure to bear on the US government. Faced with this situation, the US government has adopted a certain information dissemination strategy to lead public opinion and thus reduce resistance. The strategy has been proven to be effective in solving the environmental crisis and secondary social problems in the early years of the crisis, as well as in completing the restoration and resettlement of the canal area ahead of schedule. However, the examination of the US government's information dissemination strategy during this environmental crisis also provides a glimpse into the truth and lies of the US government.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: the US government
  topic: keywords
subject: information dissemination strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: the Love Canal tragedy
  topic: keywords
creator: Shiyao Zhang
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2022-03-29
publication date: 2022-03-29
starting page: 60
ending page: 65
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.1.6

An Application of Choice Experiment to Assess Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Volcanoes National Park Management Attributes in Rwanda
type: item
description: Despite the roles and functions of natural forests on the livelihood of the rural communities, their economic values are poorly reflected in market considerations and largely ignored in the decision-making process. There is inadequate empirical evidence detailing forest management preferences in developing countries, including Volcanoes National Park (VNP) in Rwanda. VNP has a considerable contribution to Rwandan rural livelihood, global environmental protection and cultural heritage. This study aimed at assessing the monetary values farmers attached to VNP. A Choice Experiment approach and Conditional Logit model were used for a sample of 192 farmers living along the park corridor using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data obtained were analyzed using Nlogit 3.0. The results showed that farmers preferred to improve the current VNP management and were willing to pay for its participatory management attributes. Farmers’ characteristics significantly influenced preferences. The findings have an implication on programmes that improve the current park management and on the design of vocational, farmer groups and gender-based environmental awareness and promotional programs.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Choice Experiment, Farmers, Participatory management attributes, Volcanoes National Park
  topic: keywords
creator: Ildephonse Musafili
creator: Willis Oluoch-Kosura
creator: David Jakinda Otieno
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2022-01-31
publication date: 2022-01-31
starting page: 43
ending page: 54
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.1.4

Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Crude 0il Polluted Soil Using Serratia marcescens and its Toxicology Assessment on Aquaculture
type: item
description: Serratia marcescens has been studied to show a higher degradation potential for organo-phosphorus pesticides. This property has made it useful as a potential bioremediation agent. The bacterial cell was bio-stimulated in luria beterni broth at a selected experimental temperature ranging from 25 ºC – 40 ºC. The highest cell biomass was recorded at 35 ºC to range from 7.56 -8.10mg/ml for single strength and double strength yeast extract in luria beterni, respectively. Percentage bio-sorption efficiency of both the cell culture and extracted membrane protein augmented cell culture of Serratia marcescens showed 100% removal in heavy metals such as lead, potassium and manganese, respectively. The cell culture percentage sorption also showed 99.2%, 95.9% and 82% removal of copper, nickel and zinc, respectively, while the protein extract augmented cell culture showed improved corresponding heavy metal removal with 100% removal of copper and nickel and 86.5% removal of zinc. The bacterial cell and corresponding protein extracts tend to create oxygen stress in an aquaculture model, reducing the dissolved oxygen level to 3 mg/l. Lethal dose 50 of the bacterial extracts were high a 14.14%; hence this showed high toxicity or pathogenicity of the bacteria. This showed that the bacterial cell and corresponding proteins extract showed promising in the removal of heavy metals in an aquaculture environment; however, its toxicity effect on the test fishes makes it a potential risk to aquatic life.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Heavy metals, bio-sorption, Serratia marcescens
  topic: keywords
creator: Oluwamodupe Giwa
creator: Arotupin, D.J. Arotupin
creator: Akinyosoye, Felix Akinsola Akinyosoye
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2022-01-31
publication date: 2022-01-31
starting page: 55
ending page: 59
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.1.5

Agricultural and Extension Education for Sustainability Approach
type: item
description: The study analyzed the emerging land rights and the extent of the relationship between agricultural and extension education and soil conservation practices. A survey of 376 household heads randomly sampled respondents was administered using a well-structured questionnaire. Results from correlation analysis revealed that the relationship between "agricultural and extension education" and the soil conservation variables "mulching, zero tillage, and the use of crop residues or household refuse" was positive, moderate in strength, and statistically significant. However, the relationship between "agricultural and extension education" and "slash and burn agriculture" was negative, moderate in strength, and statistically significant. The results from the linear probability model show that the coefficients of "Agricultural and Extension education" are statistically significant at a 1% level of significance for all the model specifications except the case where "organic fertilizer" is used as the dependent variable. Specifically, the results indicate that Agricultural and Extension education increases the probability of farmers practising mulching, use of crop or household residues, and zero tillage by 59.4, 16.1, and 33.6 percentage points, respectively. Also, Agricultural and Extension Education decreases the probability of farmers practising slash and burn agriculture by about 16.2 percentage points. Agricultural and Extension education increases the probability of farmers practising at least two of the soil conservations by 25 percentage points, while it increases the probability of farmers practising at least three of those soil conservations by 5.5 percentage points. Based on the results, we propose the Agricultural and Extension Education for Sustainability approach. This approach consists of knowledge, skills, motivation, awareness, concern, responsibility, and action. Therefore, policies geared towards agricultural and extension services should be highly prioritized…
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural and extension education, land tenure system, soil conservation, land investment, sustainability.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kwaku Adu
creator: John Joseph Puthenkalam
creator: Antwi Effah Kwabena
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2022-01-19
publication date: 2022-01-19
starting page: 20
ending page: 37
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.1.2

Energy Transition in the Context of Electricity Power System and Climate Change Reality: A Macro Evidence from Ghana
type: item
description: Whereas energy transitions have received global energy governance attention over the few decades, it appears research on this important subject is either new or unclear in terms of the direction and the quantum of changes in Ghana. The study was about an analysis of the phenomenon of structural electricity energy transitions in the context of climate change reality in Ghana to inform sustainable energy policy. The study used the desktop research methodology, including retrieving and analyzing secondary qualitative and quantitative materials from various sources. The results show two significant structural changes in Ghana's electricity energy subsector. Firstly, the results show a significant transition from the previous hydro dominant electricity generation to a hydro-solar-thermal mix. However, crude fired thermal plants account for about 69.56%, compared to 43.33% and 0.49% respectively for hydroelectricity and solar plants in 2020. Secondly, the state monopoly of electricity supply structurally and significantly changed into a state-private-partnership supply mix, with approximately 57% of total generation supplied by independent power producers in 2020. Based on the results, the study concludes that electricity transition from a broad perspective of structural changes in the economy's electrical power systems has taken place based on the available data from Ghana. However, a low-carbon energy economy transition in the context of transitioning into climate compatible energy-climate-sustainability nexus has not yet taken place. Therefore, further interdisciplinary studies are imperative to appreciate both theoretically and practically why Ghana's renewable energy policy agenda and the observed strategies of implementations appeared contradictory.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
creator: Smart Edward Amanfo
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2022-01-17
publication date: 2022-01-17
starting page: 01
ending page: 19
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.1.1

Effect of Temperature on Coenzymes Associated with Cytochrome P450
type: item
description: Cytochrome P450 are heme-containing enzymes that have been deemed to be the most active group of monooxygenases reaction. It is a self-sufficient protein whose activities rely on the various associated coenzymes. Expression of the catalytic module of cytochrome P450 gene (CYP102A2) containing pET-28a in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) across temperatures ranging from 19 ºC to 37 ºC. The solubility of the expressed recombinant proteins on SDS-PAGE showed that the recombinant protein is both secreted and membrane-bound protein across all the temperature treatments. The highest expressed recombinant protein of interest (P.O.I.) band observed in lane 15 was membrane-bound and was optimum at 28 ºC, while the most prominent expressed P.O.I. bands in lane 16 from the secreted proteins was optimum at 30 ºC. The estimated flavin adenine dinucleotide (F.A.D.) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) showed optimum concentrations of 15 mM and 14 mM respectively at the optimum temperature of 25 ºC, while the estimated heme optimum concentration (2.4 mM) was recorded at the optimum temperature of 35 ºC. These observations showed that it is little or no connection between the quantity of the expressed recombinant cytochrome P450 and the estimated coenzymes and cofactors concentrations in response to the temperature parameter. The enzymatic activity of the recombinant P.O.I. at a selected temperature of 25 ºC and 35 ºC showed exponential slope within the period of 60 seconds at 550 nm wavelength of reaction; however, a wide range of absorbance ranging from 0.1 A to 0.7 A and 0. 689 A - 0.998 A was recorded, respectively. The increase in activity may also be attributed to the fact that higher temperature tends to support an increase in the rate of reactions, hence the rate of monoxygenation.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Cytochrome P450
  topic: keywords
subject: Flavin mono nucleotide (FMN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
  topic: keywords
creator: Oluwamodupe Giwa
creator: Arotupin, D.J. Akure
creator: Akinyosoye, F. A. Akure
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 British Journal of Environmental Studies
date: 2022-01-20
publication date: 2022-01-20
starting page: 38
ending page: 42
doi: 10.32996/bjes.2022.2.1.3

Indonesia's Environmental Policy Regarding the Eradication of Illegal Fishing in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone in the South China Sea in 2017
type: item
description: Indonesia is an archipelagic country where 2/3 of its territory is marine waters. It provides marine and fish resources. The potential for fishing is 6.4 million tons and cultivating 1,223,437 ha. It is due to the actions of irresponsible individuals who practice illegal fishing. It is usually illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The government needs to improve and increase the efforts to monitor and control fisheries crime. It has drained many fish resources in Indonesian waters by foreign and national fishing vessels. This research focuses on government agencies’ policies and coordination systems in eradicating illegal fishing in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone, especially in the South China Sea, and the practice of illegal fishing in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone, especially in the South China Sea, challenging to overcome, and what are the weaknesses. This research employed a qualitative method. It is in writings, which can be seen in books, journals, or mass media. It is also presented in words and writings from whose complete approach. In short, its data is descriptive. Research shows results. In eradicating illegal fishing, Indonesia has relatively good legal instruments.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Government Policy, Eradication of Illegal Fishing
  topic: keywords
creator: Zainul Djumadin
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2021-12-31
publication date: 2021-12-31
starting page: 58
ending page: 63

CSR-Based Corporate Environmental Policy Implementation
type: item
description: Environmental problems are increasingly showing an increase. This phenomenon indicates that environmental policies have not been successful. Companies must pay attention to all aspects, namely financial aspects, social aspects, and environmental aspects based on the Triple Bottom Line concept. Not only concerned with the benefits to be achieved. As a business is running its business, the company must pay more attention to the social and environmental conditions. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be used as an alternative that should be developed to share the direction of corporate responsibility towards various social and environmental issues. The problems of this research are how to implement the company's Corporate Social Responsibility in environmental management and how the synergy between the government and companies in the company's Corporate Social Responsibility. This research using qualitative methods and field observations shows actual results that provide conclusions and recommendations for immediately improving systems, strategies, and implementing policies that favor the environment.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: CSR-Based Corporate Environmental Policy, Corporate Social Responsibility, environmental management
  topic: keywords
creator: Iskandarsyah Siregar
creator: Zulkarnain
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2021-12-27
publication date: 2021-12-27
starting page: 51
ending page: 57

Environmentally Friendly Alternative Energy Development Policies in Overcoming the Energy Crisis
type: item
description: This study discusses Alternative Energy Development Policies in Overcoming the Energy Crisis, which are discussed from International Relations. In formulating national policies that include foreign policy, energy is one of the issues discussed because it is related to many people's lives. The energy potential will significantly influence Indonesia's foreign policy. Energy plays a critical role because energy is the driving force for a country's economic sector. Increased development will increase the need for energy as well. Countries that control energy will become strong and superpower. Indonesia is very concerned about the issue of energy supply security given the increasing energy consumption in Indonesia, the scarcity of energy supplies, and the tendency of rising energy prices. This condition is exacerbated because almost a quarter of the domestic oil demand must be imported from other countries. Therefore, Indonesia must find the most appropriate way to ensure the availability of environmentally friendly energy. The research method is a qualitative descriptive method. The conclusion drawn from this research is the interdependence of all world energy actors.
subject: Research Article
  topic: section
subject: Policy, Energy Security, Energy Crisis
  topic: keywords
creator: Ramlan Siregar
creator: Zulkarnain
rights: Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2021-12-27
publication date: 2021-12-27
starting page: 44
ending page: 50